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Electron theory
the electrical phenomenon is produced by a flow of electrons from one area to another.
Flow of electrons
The flow of electrons is caused by having an excess number in one area, shortage in another surplus negative short supply positive
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass: solid, liquid or gas
Molecule
Smallest portion of matter and retain all original properties of the original matter, it is made up of atoms
Atoms
100 + different types One molecule of water, is made up of one atom of oxygen, two atoms of hydrogen H20
Atom make up
PROTON - positive charge + ELECTRON - negative charge NEUTRON - no charge (neutral)
Bound electrons
Are in the inner orbits, Bound electrons are very difficult to remove from their orbit.
Outer orbits only, one, two or three electrons, are easily knocked out of their orbit
Conductors
SemiConductors
Have 1-3 electrons in outer orbit, (Free electrons)easily knocked out of orbit. Materials such as silver, copper, aluminum, gold make good conductors.
Non conductors
Insulators, 5 or more electrons in outer orbit, glass, ceramics, plastics, rubber, fiber, porcelain, paper and wood are common Insulators. Hard to knock the electrons out of orbit if they have a strong magnetic pull to the protons in the nucleus of the atom.
Current
Movement of free electrons through a conductor current flow is measured in amperes(Amps). Must have shortage of electrons at one end, surplus at other one electron does not go the whole distance moves and bumps others.
Voltage
Pressure differential causes current to flow, this pressure is known as voltage Voltage is a measure in volts with voltmeter.
Resistance
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Caused by electrons bumping into other atoms, a poor conductor has greater resistance than a good conductor. Poor conductors will heat up (like a heater).
Circuits
Must have a power source. A load (something to operate such as a light bulb or motor) Wiring for path of electron flow (Conductor) Switch Circuit protection
Parallel circuit, more than one path for current to flow, current flows through all units at once.
Series Circuit
Circuit Problems
Open circuit, Wire is broken Short to ground, Wire is touching ground Short to voltage, wire is touching a hot wire. Load device is on even though switch is off. High resistance, current is being slowed by corrosion or a poor connection
Car frame
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Acts as a ground wire, some cars like a corvette have to run ground wires because of fiberglass body Ground symbol:
Ohms law
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Some Auto Techs will use the following Amperes = A - Amps Volts = V - Volts Ohms = R - Resistance to find V = AxR A = V/ R R = V/ A
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AXR
Magnetism
Materials that have this are called Magnets Some are Natural Some are made
Lines of Force
Leave north pole, enter south Unlike poles attract Like poles repel Left hand rule, know which way current flows, fingers point in direction magnetic field is moving Magnetic fields surround any conductor carrying an electrical current
Lines of Force
Solenoid
can be used to push or pull iron core if off set will be drawn into the middle
Top post
Side post
Battery Construction
Elements consist of two groups of plates one more negative than positive plates with insulated separators in between usually 9, 11, or 13 plates. 54, 66, or 78 total. case is made of hard rubber (rough service) or plastic (light service)
one element in each cell, connected to the adjoining element, connected in series, each cell produces about 2.1 volts case is divided into 6 cells (12.6 volts) case is divided into 3 cells (6.3 volts)
Charged
positive plate negative plate electrolyte H2S04 pb02 pb lead peroxide lead
Discharge
oxygen and hydrogen form water, lead and sulfate form lead sulfate pbso4 H20 pbSo4
Charging send electrons through opposite way reversing the cycle Sulfated plates refer to plates harden with lead sulfate Slow long charge to correct sulfated plates sometimes can't
Little brown particles floating around can short out battery (flakes off of the sulfated plates ) Batteries can freeze if discharged H2O is water Charging battery emits oxygen and hydrogen gas - can explode To replace add distilled water
Battery types
WET CHARGE shipped with electrolyte must charged during storage DRY CHARGE shipped empty manufacture gives forming charge dries the cell elements and seals it. If you keep moisture out it will remain fully charged for long time. When needed just add electrolyte
Group size
Batteries come in many different group sizes. A battery's group size simply determines it's length, width, height, and terminal configuration
Battery capacity
1) Plate size, the case same size, plates are different size Larger plates more amps 2) Number of plates 3) Amount of acid in electrolyte and battery additives increase the sulfuric acid content of battery
Do not be misled by CA thats just cranking amps. It will give you a higher reading but it misleads you because it is tested at a higher temperature.
Cranking amps are the numbers of amperes a lead-acid battery at 32 degrees F (0 degrees C) can deliver for 30 seconds and maintain at least 1.2 volts per cell (7.2 volts for a 12 volt battery).
visual Inspection
Terminal Test
This is the first step. Take a voltmeter DVOM (Digital volt ohm meter) Turn to DC Volts Hook up like picture on next page.
Terminal Test
This is just a voltage drop test done on the battery terminals. You must disable the ignition and crank over the engine. Should be under .2 volts. Make sure you do both terminals Positive & Negative
Charging batteries
Clean up first Unhook cables - check liquid level Don't charge over 16 volts if plates are sulfated or if battery has been discharged for some time Slow charge for a long period 24 hours don't allow temperature to exceed 100 Never fast charge batteries
Most batteries in cars are 12 volt with negative ground. 6 volt older cars and 18 wheelers may have positive ground
SAFETY: do not allow battery acid to contact eyes skin or fabrics if you do flush with lots of water, and get teacher or medical help flush eyes for 15 minutes
Did You Know Batteries Lose Power While Sitting on the Shelf?
A battery can permanently lose some of its capacity when it's stored in a partly or fully discharged state. Periodic charging during storage can minimize the deterioration, but not all battery distributors and dealers do the necessary charging. That's why you may want to know how to read the date codes, which show when the product was manufactured, on a new product, to help you make sure you're really buying a fresh battery. So, how do you read a date code?
Most Brands of Batteries JOHNSON CONTROLS, INC. - INTERSTATE BATTERIES, Motorcraft, East penn - Deka, GNB -Champion, Stowaway:
The letters and numbers are on a sticker affixed to the battery or hot-stamped into the case cover along the top edges of the battery. The ship date codes begin with a letter: A stands for January, B for February and so on (some shipping codes skip the letter I, so it cannot be confused with the number 1. In those cases, J would represent September, K - October, L - November and M - December). The next digit is a number which represents the year the battery was shipped. Therefore, an A6 would mean the battery was shipped in January of 1996.
Exceptions DELCO - Freedom, Voyager, and some Sears brands: The code dates are stamped on the cover, usually near the posts. The first character represents the year (0-9) and the second shows the month (A-M, skipping I). For example, 4CN1 would stand for 1994, March.
Removing Batteries
Always Disconnect the ground cable first. (Negative Cable on cars) Always hook up the ground cable last If you disconnect the positive first and touch ground you will have sparks.
Generator
Electromagnetic device, produces electricity to run accessories and charge battery
If wire is passed through magnetic field voltage is generated If passed in the opposite direction current flow reversed
Basic DC operation
Charging Indicators
ammeter indicator light Voltage Monitor
Alternator
Alternators
More efficient at lower speeds Lighter - aluminum construction Requires only 2 or 3 amps passing through slip rings compared to high amperage in D.C. generator Governs its own maximum current output
Alternator
Generators - moving conductor through stationary field to induce voltage Alternator - a permanent magnet is rotated inside a stationary conductor maximum voltage occurs when conductor cuts heaviest lines of force
Parts of a Alternator
The End