C.F. Tolman (1937): Groundwater, McGraw Hill , New York and London. D.K.

Todd (1995): Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons. F.G. Driscoll (1988): Groundwater and Wells, UOP, Johnson Div.St.Paul. Min. USA. H.M. Raghunath (1990): Groundwater, Wiley Eastern Ltd., H.S. Nagabhushaniah (2001): Groundwater in Hydrosphere (Groundwater hydrology), CBS Publ.. K. R. Karanth (1989): Hydrogeology, Tata McGraw Hill Publ.. S.N. Davies and R.J.N. De Wiest (1966): Hydrogeology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Introduction to Hydrogeology

Introduction to Hydrogeology

Hydrology: Processes governing the depletion and replenishment of water resources of land areas of the earth. Dealing with ground water

Hydrogeology: Mode of occurrence, distribution, movement and chemistry of water occurring in the subsurface in relation to the geological environment. Geohydrology: Emphasising the hydrologic aspect.

 Dealing with surface water Potamology: Science of surface stream Limnology: Science of Lakes Cryology: Science of snow and ice Dealing with air water Hydrometeorology Climetology

 Importance
Evaluation of surface water- required parameters- precipitation, infiltration, slope Evaluation of ground water-required parameters-geometry of basin, storage, yield, properties of aquifer Mineral prospecting and mining- Sulphide minerals-1ppm Zinc Evaluation of sites for geotechnical construction reservoir and dam

 Problem related to pollution Proper management of water resourceProblem excess extraction of ground water depletion of water level, subsidence of land surface---- both by artificial recharge Excess use of surface water for irrigation water logging---by conjuctive use

 Groundwater development Stratigraphy Petrography Structural Geology Geomorphology ------ Presence of aquifer, type of aquifer, dimension of aquifer, lithofacies variation productivity, quality of water, structure of formation

 Water resource Ocean97% Ice caps 2% Deep ground water

0.31%

Fresh water 0.69%

(surface water 3%, subsurface 97%)

 Hydrogeology and environment

Construction of reservoirshallow water table Deforestation---reduce infiltration and recharge, increase runoff and erosion and evaporation Waste disposal--- water quality (water pollution)

 Hydrogeological classification of rocks Consolidated (hard) Unconsolidated (soft)

 Hydrologic cycle:

The circulation of water from the ocean to the atmosphere, atmosphere to the lithosphere and lithosphere to the ocean occurring through complex and independent process including precipitation, runoff, ground water flow, evaporation and transpiration, is called hydrologic cycle.

 The stages of the Hydrological Cycle.

 Hydrologic cycle

Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Evapotranspiration Field capacity Wilting point Consumptive use Conjunctive use Infiltration Run off

 1.Precipitation: It is atmospheric discharge of water in the form of the solid, liquid from the earth surface. The distribution of water on the surface and subsurface is governed by duration and intensity of precipitations.

Types of precipitation Cyclonic Convective Orographic

Forms of Precipitation Drizzle--.1-.5mm Rain-- >.5mm Glaze Sleet ice pellets14mm Snowice crystal Hail->5mm Dew

 2. Evaporation and transpiration: It is the process by which water is returned to the atmosphere.

Evaporation: Sublimation: Transpiration:

Factors affecting evaporation Meteorological Radiation,temperature,humidi ty,wind, pressure Physical factors: water quality, shape and size of evaporating surface

 (i) Wilting point: Lowest amount of moisture that is held by soil, not available for transpiration by vegetation, is the wilting point (ii)Field capacity: The maximum water that the soil can hold against the force of gravity.

Available soil moisture: Difference between field capacity and wilting point

 1. Transpiration: The part of water reaching the ground is evaporated through the leaves. 2. Evapo-transpiration:The umulative loss by evaporation and transpiration (i) Consumptive use: Term includes water used in plant metabolism and evapo-transpiration.

 4. Infiltration: Moving of precipitated water in to subsurface. The rate of infiltration depends on the rain fall intensity, duration and texture of materials.

 Runoff. Runoff is the water discharged through stream consisting wholly, or in part, of water contributed by overland flow (surface runoff) and ground water flow (base flow).

Vertical distribution of water or kind of ground water Zone of aeration Zone of saturation

 Above water table

Soil water Pellicular water Vadose Pearched water Capillary water

 Below water table Free water Confined water Fixed water Connet water

 Zone of saturation Aquifer Aquitard Aquiclude Aquifuge

 Types of aquifer Unconfined or water table or phreatic Confined or artesian or pressure Leaky or semi confined

Piezometric surface