Optical Communication UNIT-I

Measurement of Information
Let us consider a communication system which transmits messages m1,m2,m3.,with probabilities of occurrence p1,p2,p3,..The amount of information transmitted through the message mk with probability Pk is given as: Amount of Information : Ik = log21/pk Unit of Information: Unit of Information is bit. We are using the term bit as an abbreviation for binary digit. So we can use a new abbreviation for binary digit i.e binit. Properties of Information: If there is more uncertainty about the message ,Information carried is also more. If the receiver knows the message being transmitted ,the amount of information carried is zero.

1. 2.

Cond
3. If I1 is the information carried by message m1, and I2 is the information carried by message m2, then the amount of information carried completely due to m1 and m2 is I1+I 2. If there are M=2 equally likely messages, then the amount of information carried by each message will be N bits. These properties are proved in next example.

4.

e.g. Q1 . Calculate the amount of information if pk =. Q2 . Calculate the amount of information if binary digits (binits) occur with equal likelihood in binary PCM. Q3. In a binary PCM if 0occur with probability and 1 occur with probability then calculate amount of information conveyed by each binit. Q4. If the receiver knows the message being transmitted ,then the amount of information carried is zero. Prove the following statement.

Entropy(Average Information)
Consider that we have M different messages. Let these messages be m1,m2,m3,.Mm and they have probabilities of occurrence as p1,p2,p3,..pm. Suppose that the sequence of L messages is transmitted. Then if L is very large then we may say that, p1L messages of m1 are transmitted, p2L messages of m2 are transmitted, p3L messages of m3 are transmitted, . . pmL messages of mM are transmitted, Hence the information due to message m1 will be, I1 = log21/p1

Cont.
Since there are p1L number of messages of m1,the total information due to all message of m1 will be, I1(total) = p1Llog21/p1 Similarly the total information due to messages m2 will be, I2(total) = p2Llog21/p2 Thus the information carried due to sequence of L messages will be I(total) = I1(total) + I2(total)+.. IM(total) ..(1) I(total) = p1Llog21/p1 + p2Llog21/p2 +.. pMLlog21/pM .(2) The average information per message will be, Average Information = Total Information ------------------------ = I(total)/L = H(Entropy) =Average info. No. of messages (3)

Cont
Entropy(H) = I(total)/L (4)

Eq2 can be written as: Entropy (H) = p1Llog21/p1 + p2Llog21/p2 +.. pMLlog21/pM /L We can write the above equation using sign as follows: Entropy (H) = pKlog21/pK Properties of Entropy 1. Entropy is zero if the event is sure or it is impossible. i.e , H=0 If pK = 0 or 1. 2. When pk = 1/M for all M symbols then symbols are equally likely then H= log2 M. 3. Upper bound on entropy is given as : H(MAX) = log2 M

Cont
Example1. Calculate Entropy If pK = 0 and when pK =1. Example2. Show that if there are M equally likely messages then the entropy of the source is log2 M. Information Rate Information rate is represented by R and it is given by : R = rH Here R is the information rate. H is the entropy or average information and R is the rate at which messages are generated. Information Rate (R) = (r in messages/sec) X ( H in Information bits/message) Example1: An analog signal is band limited to Fm Hz and sampled at Nq rate . The samples are quantized in 4 levels. The probabilities of occurrence of these 4 levels are p1=p4=1/8.and p2 = p3 =3/8. Find out information rate of the source.

Cont
Nyquist Bit Rate Nyquist rate defines the theoretical bit rate of the noiseless channel or ideal channel. Max Bit Rate = 2X BW X log2L Where BW = Bandwidth at channel L= No of signal levels used to represent data. Shannon Capacity An ideal noiseless channel never exists. The maximum data rate for noisy channel is: C = BW x log2 1+ S/N) Where C = Channel capacity in bits per second BW = Bandwidth of channel S/N = Signal to Noise ratio.

Cont..
Example1: Determine the data rate for a noiseless channel having BW of 3kHz . Example3: Compute the channel capacity of a noisy channel having BW =4kHz. S/N = 0. Example 4: Compute the CHANNEL CAPACITY having BW 3100 Hz and S/N ratio 20 dB.

Introduction to Fiber Optics

The process of communication may broadly be defined as the transfer of information from one location to another. Before the science of optical communication came into existence ,the primary mean of real time data communication was electrical in nature. It was accomplished by using copper wires or by modulating information on an electromagnetic wave, which acts as the information signal.

Light used as a carrier signal for communication applications has a major advantage because of its enormous bandwidth. As a result of it , it can be modulated at significantly higher freq. than used with electrical signals.

Need of Fiber Optic Communication

Fiber optic communication system has emerged as most important communication system. Compared to traditional system because of following requirements:

1. In long haul transmission system there is need of low loss transmission medium. 2. There is need of compact and least weight transmitters and receivers. 3. There is need of increased span of transmission. 4. There is need of increased bit rate -distance product.

A fiber optic communication system fulfills these requirements ,hence most widely accepted.

Evolution of Fiber Optic System

First Generation: The first generation of light system uses GaAs semiconductor laser and operating region was near 0.8m. Other specifications of this generation are as under: 1. Bit rate : 45 Mb/s 2. Repeater Spacing : 10 Km 1. 2. 3. 4. Second Generation: Bit rate Repeater spacing Operating Wavelength Semiconductor

: 100 Mb/s to 1.7 Gb/s : 50 Km : 1.3m : InGaAsP

Cont.
Third Generation: 1. Bit rate 2. Repeater spacing 3. Operating Wavelength 1. 2. 3. : 10 Gb/s : 100 Km : 1.55m

Fourth Generation: Fourth generation uses WDM technique. Bit rate : 10Tb/s Repeater spacing : >10,000 Km Operating Wavelength : 1.45 to 1.62 m Fifth Generation: Fifth Generation uses Roman amplification technique.

Cont
1. 2. 3. Bit rate Repeater spacing Operating Wavelength : 40 to 160 Tb/s : 24000 Km to 35000Km : 1.53 to 1.57 m

Communication System Architecture(Block Diagram of conventional Communication System): In general there are three parts of a communication system that are : 1 . Transmitter 2. Receiver 3. Channel or transmission medium. The above three things are present in any communication system.

 Transmitter Channel Receiver

Cont
Transmitter: The transmitter sends the message over the transmission channel.

Channel: The transmission channel can be the medium such as electric conductors, air. or light(in case of optical fiber).

Receiver: The receiver or listener receives the message from transmission channel . It is then given to the destination by the receiver. During the transmission over the channel ,message becomes distorted and it becomes noisy.

Contd..
What is the necessity of transmitter and receiver? Why source does not speak to the destination directly?

Answer: The transmitter is required to make the signal suitable for conduction over the channel. And the receiver is required to convert the signal from the transmission channel and make it suitable for the destination.