Recap..

Oveview & introduction

Outline..
The Fourier Series
Fourier Representations Harmonic Representations Compact Trigonometric Fourier Series Periodicity of the Trigonometric Fourier Series Fourier Spectrum

The Fourier Series

Fourier, doing heat transfer work, demonstrated that

any periodic signal can be viewed as a linear composition of sine waves.

Lets look at a periodic wave. We consider an example

plot of a signal that repeats every second.

 Here is a single sine signal. The expression for this signal is

just: Sig(t) = 1 * sin(2t/T) and T = 1 second Now, we are going to add one other sine to our original sine signal. The sine we add will be at three times the frequency of the original and it will be one third as large. Sig(t) = 1 * sin(2 t/T) + (1/3) * sin(6 t/T The graph looks a little different.

 Continue by adding one more sine

signal - at five times the original frequency and one-fifth of the original size. Sig(t) = 1 * sin(2 t/T) + (1/3) * sin(6 t/T) + (1/5) * sin(10 t/T)
We are just adding in terms at odd

multiples of the original frequency.

Here's what the signal looks like with

the terms up to the 11th multiple. Let's add a lot more terms and see what happens.

 Here is the signal with terms up to

the 49th multiple. This process is giving us a signal that is getting closer and closer to a square wave signal
At 79th multiple, we're getting a

pretty clear indication of a square wave with an amplitude a little under 0.8. In fact, the way we are building this signal we are using Fourier's results.

 Here's the formula.

For a perfectly accurate representation, let N go to infinity.

Fourier Representations
Fourier series represent signals in terms of sinusoids.
leads to a new representation for systems as filters.

Representing components

signals

by

their

harmonic

 Musical Instruments

Harmonic content is natural way to describe some kinds of signals.

Harmonic Representations
Is it possible to represent ALL periodic signals with

harmonics? What about discontinuous signals? Fourier claimed YES even though all harmonics are continuous!

Consider a signal set:

{1,cos ot, cos 2ot,.. cos not,.sin ot, sin 2ot,.

sin not,.}
not

nth harmonic o fundamental freq. In this set 1 0th harmonic (cos 0 x ot =1)

g(t) = ao+ a1 cos ot+ a2 cos 2ot+ b1 sin ot+ b2 sin

2ot + .

n=1

t1 tt1+To

g(t) = ao+ an cos not+ bn sin not t1 tt1+To

where o = 2/To

Fourier Series Coefficients

The general form of the Fourier series is shown

below: Multiplying across by dt and integrating over 1

period produces the expression below. The second and third terms become zero when averaged over 1 period.
Integrating the RHS gives the following for ao

 Multiplying across by cos (nwt)dt and integrating over 1

period gives the following expression.

On the RHS, the first term is zero when integrated over 1

period and the third term is also zero because of the orthogonality of sines and cosines. When the second term is summed, it has a finite value only when n = m.

Integrating the RHS gives the following expression for an. Similar calculation gives the following for bn.

As defined here ao is the average value of f(t) this leads to a factor 1/T in front of the integral for ao. it is also common to have ao/2 in the series so the factor in front of the integral is 2/T.

 Coefficients ao, an, bn

an

t1 To

g (t ) cos n
t1 t1 To t1

t dt

2 cos no t dt

For n = 0 and

ao

1 To 2 To
t1 To

t1 To

g (t )dt
t1 o

an

g (t ) cosn t dt
t1
o

n 1,2,3,.....

2 bn To

t1 To

g (t ) sin n t dt
t1

n 1,2,3,.....

What you learned. Basic idea:

Periodic means that f(t) = f(t+T) for all t
T is the period Period related to frequency by T = 1/f0 = 2/0 0 is called the fundamental frequency

So we have

f (t) a0 an cos 2 nf0 bn sin 2nf0

n 1

a0 an cos n 0 bn sin n0
n 1

n0 = 2n/T is nth harmonic of fundamental frequency

How to calculate Fourier coefficients?

Calculation of Fourier coefficients hinges on

orthogonality of sine, cosine functions

Also,

0 T

sin m0 t cos n0 t dt 0, all m, n sin m0 t sin n0 t dt 0, cos m0 t cos n 0 t dt 0,

T

0 T

m n mn

T , all m 0 2 T T 2 cos m t dt , all m 0 0 2 sin 2 m0 t dt

How to calculate Fourier coefficients (continued)

And we also need

0 T

sin m0 t dt 0, cos m0 t dt 0,

all m all m

How to calculate Fourier coefficients (continued)

Step 1. integrate both sides:

f ( t ) dt a0 dt
0

a
n 1

cos n0 bn sin n0 dt

a0T 0

Therefore

a0T

1 T a0 f ( t) dt T 0

How to calculate Fourier coefficients (continued)

Step 2. For each n, multiply original equation by cos

n0t and integrate from 0 to T:

T

f ( t ) cos n0t dt a0 cos 0t cos n0 t dt a1 cos 20t cos n0t dt

0 0

a1 cos n0t cos n0t dt a0 sin 0t cos n0 0 t dt

0 0

an cos 2 n0t dt anT / 2

0

2 T Therefore a n f (t ) cos n0t dt 0 T

How to calculate Fourier coefficients (continued)

Step 3. Calculate bn terms similarly, by multiplying

original equation by sin n0t and integrating from 0 to T

Get similar result

2 T bn f (t ) sin n0t dt T 0
Some rules simplify calculations For even functions f(t) = f(-t), such as cos t, bn terms = 0 For odd functions f(t) = -f(-t), such as sin t, an terms = 0

Compact Trigonometric Fourier Series

Fourier series contains sine and cosine terms of the same frequency We can combine these an cos not+ bn sin not = Cn cos (not+ n )
where,

an = cos n and bn = -sin n Cn = (an + bn) n = tan 1(- bn/ an) For consistency, we take Co = ao

Compact form: g(t) = Co+ Cn cos (not+ n)

n=1

t1 t t1+To

Periodicity of the Trigonometric Fourier Series

Arbitrary signal g(t) may be expressed as a trigonometric

Fourier Series over any interval To. Fourier Series is equal to g(t) over this interval Outside the interval, it may not necessarily be equal to g(t).

Let compact FS be (t) = Co+ Cn cos (not+ n) for all t And (t + To) = Co+ Cn cos (no { t + To }+ n) n=1 = C o+ C n cos (no t + 2n + n) n=1 = Co+ Cn cos (no t + n) n=1 = (t) for all t
Which is a periodic function of To

ao

1 To
To

g (t )dt
To
o

2 an To

g (t ) cos n t dt

n 1,2,3,.....

2 bn g (t ) sin not dt To To

n 1,2,3,.....

To - any time interval Fourier series representing g ( t) over an interval To will also represent g(t) for all t.

Fourier Spectrum
g(t) can be expressed as a sum of sinusoids with

frequencies 0, o, 2o, ..nn . amplitudes Co, C1, C2,n Cn. phases 0, 1, 2, n.

Cn vs n plot - amplitude spectrum

n vs n plot - phase spectrum These two plots put together give frequency spectra of

g(t).

RESOURCES: Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems by B.P. Lathi. Internet

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