10-12 October ,2011 Venue: JKPDD , JAMMU

Er. A.K. Bhagat REC New Delhi

Basics of Electricity

The production of electricity and its transmission and distribution to our houses, factory or place of work involves a long process, which consists of operation of power machines and system network. The whole process is referred to as the Power System. The power system can be divided into three broad sections Generation, Transmission & Distribution and utilisation

Types of Generations - Thermal (Coal, Gas & Diesel) Hydro Non-Conventional Energy i.e. Wind, Tidal, Solar, Biomass Gassifiers,Fuel Cells etc

Transmission system It is a process by which the power is transmitted over long distances. Consists of transmission lines and substations at EHV &HV (66kv & above) Connects two substations at the same voltage
Transmission substation Consists of transformers, bus bars, circuit breakers,isolators, protection and communication equipments and a control room.

Distribution system Involves distribution of Power received at HV substations to consumers through distribution system which operates at voltages at 33 KV and below. Consists of electrical sub stations, distribution transformers and distribution lines. Primary distribution system It connects the transmission system with secondary distribution network, at 33 kV or 11 kV voltage levels and form the back bone of the distribution system.

Secondary distribution system Supplies power to consumers at voltages of 415 volts and/or 240 volts and constitutes the first contact of utility authorities with the consumers. Distribution lines Consists of over head lines and/or cables. Lines in rural area are mostly radial in nature Lines in city area are mostly a mesh-like networks often called ring mains which are used to increase the reliability of supply and to meet the high density of loads.

Utilization-It refers to the process through which the electricity is put to different uses such as Power for industrial units Power for different kinds of household appliances and gadgets Power for communication and electrical traction Use in medical equipments, Electrolysis, etc.

Power is related to the voltage and current by the formula, Power = voltage x current Replace voltage with current x resistance in the above equation. Therefore, Power=current x current x resistance

Power is measured in watts, denoted by W 1000 w = 1 kW 1000kW=1MW(megawatt)

Energy is the product of power and time, that is, energy = power x time. We say that one unit of electricity is consumed when we light a 1000-W bulb for one hour. Since 1000 W is equal to 1kW,the unit of energy is KWh(kilowatt-hour). Electricity consumption of any appliance in units can be calculated by the following formula. Unit consumed = number of hours of operation x power in kW

T&D losses can be broadly categorised as:

Technical losses Commercial losses

Technical Losses are attributed to:

Energy dissipation in the conductors and equipments used for transmission, transformation and distribution of power. Improper operation of power system. Can be reduced to a certain minimum level but cannot be eliminated completely The Technical losses in the distribution feeder(line) increases with (i) an increase in the length of feeder (ii)a rise in the current flowing through the feederand(iii)increase in resistance of the line/feeder due to decrease in the cross section of the conductor

Commercial Losses are attributed to:

Pilferage of energy by tapping /hooking. Theft of energy by Tampering of meters Defective energy meters. Un-metered supply.

AT&C LOSSES
Amount billed to Consumers ( C = Rs. 240)
Collection losses

Units billed to consumers (B =60 units)

Technical & Commercial losses

Amount realized by utility (D=Rs. 220) Units Collected (E=B/C*D =55 units)
AT&C losses =

Units purchased (A =100 units)

units input-units collected

100-55 =45 units or 45%

Thank You