Mobile COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION LECTURE 1

Wired Vs. Wireless Communication

Wired
Each cable is a different channel Signal attenuation is low No interference

Wireless
One media (cable) shared by all High signal attenuation

High interference
noise; co-channel interference; adjacent channel interference

Why go Wireless?
Advantages Sometimes it is impractical to lay cables User mobility Cost

Limitations Restricted frequency range Standards are often restricted Security

Objectives of Wireless Systems

Large Capacity Efficient use of Resources (Spectrum) Adaptability to traffic density Quality of Service Affordability

Mobile Radio Communication Systems

Garage door openers Remote controllers Cordless phones Hand held walkie-talkie Pagers Cell telephones These systems differ in cost, complexity, performance and application.

Definitions

MOBILE Broadly, it is a radio terminal that can be moved during operation. Difference between MOBILE & PORTABLE MOBILE: a radio terminal attached to a high speed mobile platform. (Cell phone in a fast moving vehicle) PORTABLE: a hand-held radio terminal that can be used by someone at walking speed. (Walkie-talkie or cordless phone inside a home)

Classification of Mobile Radio Communication Systems

Simplex Systems Half Duplex Systems Full Duplex Systems

Classification of Mobile Radio Communication Systems

Simplex Systems: Only one way communication possible. Messages can be received but not acknowledged. (paging systems)

Half-Duplex Systems: 2 way communication possible but the same radio channel used for both transmission and reception. At any given time a user can only transmit or only receive information; Push to talk and release to listen systems.

Classification of Mobile Radio Communication Systems

Full-Duplex Systems: Allow simultaneous transmission and reception b/w subscriber and Base Station

Simultaneous transmission and reception achieved by:

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Simplex Connection:
Over
transmit or receive

Duplex Connection:
simultaneous transmission and reception

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Uses a pair of frequency bands one for Forward Channel and another for Reverse Channel

Forward Channel: used for transmission of information from Base Station to Mobile
Reverse Channel: used for transmission of information from Mobile to Base Station

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

FDD provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for subscriber and Base Station so that they both may constantly transmit while simultaneously receiving signals from one another

used in analog mobile radio systems requires good frequency separation filters

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Shares a single radio channel in time;

a portion of the time is used to transmit from Base station to mobile the remaining time is used to transmit from mobile to Base Station

Sensitive to timing Used in Digital Systems

Simplex Systems Example: Paging Systems

Used to send a brief message or page to subscriber ( numeric, alphanumeric, voice message) Typically used to notify a subscriber of the need to call a specific phone number or travel to a particular location to receive further instructions

Paging Systems

A page is sent to a paging subscriber via paging system access number The paging system transmits the page throughout the service area using base stations which broadcast the page on a radio carrier Paging systems vary in their complexity and coverage area

Paging Systems

Full-Duplex Systems Example: Cordless Telephone Systems

Wireless connection between a portable handset and a dedicated Base Station which is then connected to a dedicated telephone line with a specific telephone number on a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Cordless Telephone Systems

Wireless Link PSTN Fixed Port (Base Station)

Cordless Handset

Cellular Telephone Systems

developed by Bell Labs 1960s-70s It is the subdivision of a relatively large coverage zone into small cells, each of which reuses portions of the spectrum to increase spectrum usage a system approach, no major technological changes few hundred meters in some cities, 10 km at countryside each served by base station with lower power transmitter Each base station is allocated a portion of the total channels available to the system neighboring cells assigned different groups of channels, interference minimized

Cellular Concept

Cellular telephone systems replaced mobile systems serving large areas operating with a single base station and a single high-power transmitter with many smaller areas (cells), each with its own base station and low-power transmitter. With the cellular concept, each area is further divided into hexagonal-shaped cells that fit together to form a honeycomb pattern. The hexagon shape was chosen because it provides the most effective transmission by approximating a circular pattern while eliminating gaps inherently present between adjacent circles.

Quantum Leap in Mobile Communications: Single Cell Systems Cellular Systems

radius r

Single Cell System

re-use distance

Cellular System

The process in which the same set of frequencies (channels) can be allocated to more than one cell, provided cells are separated by sufficient distance

Frequency Reuse

The idea springs from the FCC allocation of specific channels for radio or TV stations in one region of the country and then the reallocation of exactly the same channels to different stations in completely different part of the country

Cellular Telephone Systems

Provide wireless connection to PSTN for any user within range of system Accommodate large number of users over a large geographical area, within limited frequency spectrum Provide high quality service comparable to landline telephone systems

Basic Cellular System Components

Mobile Stations (MS) Base Stations (BS) Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

Basic Cellular System Components

Mobile stations constitute a transceiver, antenna and control circuitry maybe mounted in a vehicle or used as a hand held unit. Base stations generally constitute towers supporting several transmitting and receiving antennas

BS handles full duplex communication Serves a bridge between mobile users in a cell and MSC

MSC coordinates activities of all BSs and connects all mobiles in a cellular system to PSTN

Cellular Network Architecture

Base Station-Mobile Network

Control channels used for transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation and other control signals

Brief Outline of Cellular Process

Telephone call placed to mobile user Telephone call made by mobile user When a cell phone is turned on, it first scans the group of FCC to determine the one with the strongest BS signal. That CC is monitored until the signal drops below a usable value upon which the cell phone again scans the CCs in search of the strongest signal. CCs are defined and standardized over the entire geographic area covered and constitute about 5% of the total channels available in the system. Rest 95% is dedicated to voice and data traffic.

Telephone Call to Mobile User

Step 1 The incoming telephone call to Mobile X is received at MSC. Step 2 MSC dispatches the requested Mobile Identification Number (MIN) i.e. telephone number of Mobile X, to all base stations (BSs) in the cellular system. Step 3 The BSs broadcast the MIN as a paging message over the FCC throughout the cellular system.

Telephone Call to Mobile User

Step 4 The mobile receives the paging message sent by the BS it monitors and responds by identifying itself over the reverse control channel Step 5 The base station relays the acknowledgement sent by the mobile and informs MSC of the handshake Step 6 The MSC instructs the base station to move the call to an unused voice channel pair within the cell

Telephone Call to Mobile User

Step 7 The BS signals the mobile to change frequencies to an unused forward and reverse voice channel pair. At that point an alert is transmitted over the forward voice channel to instruct the mobile to ring.

Telephone Call to Mobile User

Handover
When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is in progress, the MSC automatically transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new base station

Telephone Call placed by Mobile User

Step 1 When a mobile originates a call, a call initiation request is sent on the RCC along with its own phone number (MIN), electronic serial number (ESN) and phone number of called party. Step 2 The cell base station receives the data and sends it to the MSC.

Telephone Call placed by Mobile User

Step 3 MSC validates the request, makes connection to the called party through PSTN and instructs the BS and mobile to move to an unused FV and RV channel pair to allow conversation to begin.

Telephone Call placed by Mobile User

Call to a mobile user initiated by a landline subscriber

Call initiated by a mobile is established

Comparison of Mobile Communication Systems- Mobile Station

Comparison of Mobile Communication Systems- Base Station

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

The wireless landscape is characterized by continual evolution, rapid innovation and technological change Researches are persistently investigating techniques that make efficient use of available spectrum and offer consumers greater range, quality of service, and data transfer rates

First Generation (1G)

1G systems emerged in the late 1970s and lasted through the 1980s These analog systems were the first true mobile phone systems, known at first as "cellular mobile radio telephone."

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and Total Access Communication System (TACS).

code
P time t

code

FDMA

P time t

TDMA

TS 3 TS 2 TS 1 1 2 3

code P time t

Multiple Access methods

CDMA
Multiple method FDMA TDMA CDMA BS & MS share knowledge about Frequency Time PN code

3 2 1

frequency f

Fig. 9 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 19)

frequency f

frequency f

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

First-generation cellular took off in 1982 with the deployment of commercial AMPS in U.S. Originally, AMPS operated in the 800 MHz frequency band FDMA employed Channel bandwidth: 30kHz Uplink Frequency Range: 824-849 MHz Downlink Frequency Range:869-894 MHz The band accommodated 832 duplex channels among which 21 were reserved for call setup and the rest for voice communication

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

Total Access Communication System (TACS)

TACS is the European version of AMPS After its introduction in U.K. in 1985, over 25 countries offered TACS services Channel Bandwidth:25 kHz each Uplink Frequency Range: 890-915 MHz Downlink Frequency Range: 935-960 MHz

TACS

Extended TACS (ETACS)

An additional 16 MHz of channel bandwidth was added to accommodate more channels to form ETACS

JTACS

Japanese version of TACS The only significant differences were the frequency bands and number of channels

Narrowband TACS (NTACS)

Another variation of TACS which reduced channel bandwidth from 25 kHz to 12.5 kHz.

Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)

NMT system was developed by the telecommunications administrations of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark to create a compatible mobile telephone system in the Nordic countries The first commercial NMT 450 cellular system was available at the end of 1981 Due to its rapid success and limited capacity of the original system design, NMT 900 system version was introduced in 1986

NMT

NMT 450 used a lower frequency (450 MHz) and higher maximum transmitter power level which allowed a larger cell site coverage areas NMT 900 used a higher frequency (approximately 900 MHz band) and a lower maximum transmitter power which increased system capacity NMT 450 and 900 could co-exist

NMT

When NMT mobile phones accessed the cellular system, they either found an unused voice channel and negotiated access directly or began conversation without the assistance of a dedicated control channel Since scanning for free voice channels is very time consuming, NMT 900 used a dedicated control channel called the calling channel NMT 450 was frequency duplex with 180 channels (except Finland which only had 160 channels) Channel Bandwidth=25 kHz with a frequency duplex spacing of 10 MHz NMT 900 system had 999 channels

Problems with 1G

Numerous incompatible 1G services emerged around the world during 1980s each carrier delivered service to a limited serving area there were no standards to enable roaming channel capacity was rapidly being exhausted.

Second Generation (2G)

Designed in the 1980s Based on digital technology rather than analog Provided circuit- switched data communication services at a low speed Allowed multiple conversations on the same channel Primary use: speech transmission New features:

Fax Data transmission Message services New fraud prevention and encryption technologies in response to the security concerns of cellular users

2G

A negative consequence of these technological advances was a competitive rush to design and implement digital systems leading to a variety of different and incompatible standards, mainly

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Interim Standard-54 (IS-54) / Interim Standard -136 (IS136) Time Division Multiple Access (IS-54 / IS-136 TDMA) Extended TDMA (E-TDMA) Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) Interim Standard -95 CDMA (IS-95 CDMA)

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Initially created to provide a single standard panEuropean cellular system Uses TDMA technology Its development began in 1982, and the first commercial GSM digital cellular system was activated in 1991 GSM has evolved to be used in a variety of systems and frequencies (900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz) including Personal Communications Services (PCS) in the U.S. and Personal Communications Network (PCN) systems throughout the world

IS-136 TDMA

Uses TDMA technology Evolved from the IS-54 specification that was developed in U.S. in the late 1980s to allow the gradual evolution of AMPS to digital service Also referred to as Digital AMPS (DAMPS) or North American Digital Cellular (NADC)

IS-136 TDMA
Primary Features: Ease of adaptation to the existing AMPS

This is due to the fact that IS- 136 radio channels retain the same 30 kHz bandwidth as AMPS channels

The development of dual mode mobile telephones operating on either IS-136 digital traffic (voice and data) channels or the existing AMPS radio channels All IS-136 TDMA digital radio channels are divided into frames with 3 time slots

Extended TDMA (E-TDMA)

Developed by Hughes Network Systems in 1990 as an extension of IS-136 TDMA ETDMA uses the existing TDMA radio channel bandwidth and channel structure and its receivers are tri-mode as they can operate in AMPS, TDMA, or ETDMA modes Difference b/w TDMA & E-TDMA

TDMA assigns a time slot to a specific conversation whether or not anyone is speaking at that moment, which wastes Bandwidth ETDMA assigns subscribers dynamically on requirement basis

E-TDMA

When subscribers have something to transmit, they put one bit in the buffer queue. System scans the buffer, notices that the user has something to transmit, and allocates bandwidth accordingly If a subscriber has nothing to transmit, the queue simply goes to the next subscriber. So, instead of being arbitrarily assigned, time is allocated according to need

IS-95 CDMA

Based on CDMA technology Initially developed by Qualcomm in the late 1980s CDMA is a form of Spread-Spectrum communication that has been used in military applications for many years Spreading of signals is achieved by Direct Sequence method in which digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the same code, and correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data Since Spread Spectrum signals are wide, they transmit at a much lower spectral power density than narrowband transmitters

IS-95 CDMA

Allows for voice or data communications on either a 30 kHz AMPS channel (when used on the 800 MHz cellular band) or a new 1.25 MHz CDMA channel CDMA channels are unique in the sense that CDMA multiplies (and therefore spreads the bandwidth of) each signal with a unique Pseudo-random Noise (PN) code that identifies each user within a channel and is independent of the data of that user. Each CDMA channel contains the signals of many ongoing calls (voice channels) together with pilot, synchronization, paging, and control channels Receivers select the signal they are receiving by correlating (matching) the received signal with the proper PN sequence. The use of unique codes allows multiple users to access the same frequency band simultaneously thus rendering CDMA as highly spectrally efficient.

IS-95 CDMA

Each IS-95 CDMA channel is divided into 64 separate (PN coded) channels A few of these channels are used for control, and the remaining carry voice information and data Original IS-95 throughput rate for a dedicated user specified as 9.6 kbps Later on this rate was improved to 14.4 kbps for IS-95A In IS-95B each user can be assigned up to 8 traffic channels simultaneously for a data throughput of 115.2 kbps per user In 1997 the CDMA Development Group (CDG) registered the trademark cdmaOne TM as a label to identify 2G systems based on the IS-95 standard and related technologies

2.5 G

During 1990s, the telecommunications industry, recognizing the need for a single global standard of wireless communication, began making efforts to define a Third Generation (3G) system which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global standard However, the consumer market was pressing for improved data transmission and features in the present, not sometime in the future. In 2001, this led to an intermediate step between 2G and 3G, called 2.5G.

2.5 G
Key Features: Use digital packet switching technology, providing increased capacity on the 2G radio channels and higher throughput (up to 384 kbps) for data service The data channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the internet from mobile devices, streaming video and enhanced multimedia applications

2.5 G
Primary 2.5G technologies General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) CDMA2000TM Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT)

GPRS

GPRS allows packet radio service on the GSM system Adds (defines) new packet channels and switching nodes within the GSM system Provides for theoretical data transmission rates up to 172 Kbps

EDGE

An evolved version of GSM Uses 8 levels Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) and packet transmission for advanced high-speed data services Provides for theoretical data transmission rates up to 547.2 Kbps

Third Generation (3G)

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) made an effort to establish a single standard for wireless networks in 1999 to standardize wireless communications and make global roaming with a single handset possible The concept of a single standard evolved into a family of 3G wireless standards of which the most widely accepted are:

CDMA2000 Wide-band CDMA (WCDMA) Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA).

3G

3G wireless networks are required to provide:

high speed data transmission greater network capacity Internet Protocol (IP) based services global roaming multimedia communications The minimum bit-rate requirements were fixed as:

2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments 384 Kbps in pedestrian or urban environments 144 Kbps in wide area mobile environments

Various upgrade paths for 2G technologies

3G CDMA2000TM

CDMA2000 is a family of standards evolved from IS- 95 CDMA Offers enhanced packet transmission protocols for advanced high-speed data services Retains original 2G CDMA bandwidth of 1.25 MHz per radio channel Maintains backward compatibility with IS-95A(cdmaOne) and IS-95B subscriber equipment Allows CDMA operators to introduce 3G capabilities at each cell w/o changing entire base stations or reallocating spectrum Overseen by the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), a standards setting project focused on developing global specifications for 3G systems

3G CDMA2000TM
cdma2000 1xRTT First 3G CDMA air interface Employs a single 1.25 MHz radio channel

Supports instantaneous data rates upto 307 kbps for a user in packet mode Yields throughput rates of upto 144 kbps per user depending on

1XRTT implies one times the original cdmaOne bandwidth RTT= Radio Transmission Technology

Can support twice as many voice users as the 2G CDMA standard Gives subscriber unit upto 2xtimes standby time for longer battery life Only new backbone software and new channel cards at base station required to implement cdma2000 1xRTT Being developed for both wide area mobile cellular coverage (FDD) as well as indoor cordless type application (TDD)

No of users Velocity of a user and Propagation conditions

3G CDMA2000TM
Cdma2000 1xEV An evolutionary advancement for CDMA HDR packet standard overlaid upon existing IS-95, IS-95B and cdma2000 networks Later modified by Qualcomm for compatibility with W-CDMA Gives CDMA carriers the option to install radio channels with data only=cdma2000 1xEV-DO or With data and voice=cdma2000 1xEV-DV With cdma2000 1xEV, individual 1.25 MHz channels can be installed in CDMA base stations for specific high speed packet data access with in selected cells Cdma2000 1xEV-DO dedicates radio channel to data users only and supports greater than 2.4 Mbps of high speed packet throughput per user on a particular CDMA channel Actual data rates much lower i.e. in range of several hundred kbps Cdma2000 1xEV-DV offers usable data rates upto 144 kbps with twice as many voice channels as IS-95B

3G CDMA2000TM
cdma2000 3xRTT Ultimate 3G solution for CDMA Uses three adjacent 1.25 MHz radio channels to provide packet data throughput speeds in excess of 2 Mbps per user Two possible ways of implementing cdma2000 3xRTT

Cdma2000 standards claim a more seamless and less expensive migration to 3G services when compared to W-CDMA as cdma2000 allows at each BS the use of same

3 non adjacent channels op simultaneously and in parallel as individual 1.25 MHz channel (no new RF hardware req at BS) or Adjacent channels combined into a single 3.75 MHz super channel (new RF hardware at BSma)

Spectrum Bandwidth RF equipment Air interface framework

3G WCDMA (UMTS)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom Systems) is a visionary air interface standard developed for 3G wireless networks The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) featuring standards agencies from Japan, Europe, Korea, China and the U.S., oversees the creation of industry standards for 3G UMTS systems The 3GPP technology based on an evolved GSM core network that contains 2.5G elements, namely GPRS switching nodes Designed to provide a high capacity upgrade path for GSM by adding necessary 3G radio elements to the existing network

3G WCDMA (UMTS)

Backward compatibility with 2/2.5G GSM, IS-136 & PDC TDMA technologies Network structure and bit level packaging of GSM data retained by W-CDMA with additional capacity given by new CDMA air interface Uses radio channels that have a wider bandwidth than 2G systems such as GSM or IS-95 CDMA WCDMA deployed in a 5 MHz channel plan which require complete replacement of RF equipment at each BS Each W-CDMA 5 MHz radio channel able to support b/w 100 & 350 simultaneous voice calls at once depending on

User velocity Propagation condition and Ae techniques such as sectoring an polarization

3G WCDMA (UMTS)

Air interface standard designed for always on packet based wireless services Enables computers, entertainment devices and telephones to share one wireless network and be connected to Internet anywhere, anytime Supports packet data rates upto 2.048 Mbps for a stationery user Provides high quality data, multi media, streaming audio/video and broadcast services Future versions of W-CDMA promise a stationary user data rates in excess of 8 Mbps Being developed for both wide area mobile cellular coverage (FDD) as well as indoor cordless type application (TDD)

TD-SCDMA

A Chinese standard offering voice services and data services, both circuitswitched and packet-switched Relies on existing core GSM infra structure Uses Time Division Duplex (TDD) Upto 384 kbps of packet data provided to data user in TD-SCDMA

Fourth Generation (4G)

The official name for 4G is 3G and beyond, an expression used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications A formal definition of 4G has not been formulated yet; however, there are certain objectives defined:

A network must be a fully IP based integrated system Capable of providing speeds between100 Mbps-1 Gbps (both indoors and outdoors) Premium quality High security Affordable cost

4G

This can only be achieved by the convergence of wired and wireless technologies 4G systems are expected to solve the still remaining problems of 3G systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high quality voice to high definition video to high data rate wireless channels MAGICMobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solution, and Customized personal service.

4G

4G systems are intended to complement and replace 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years They will have:

Broader Bandwidth higher data rate seamless Integration of terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands

The all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that 4G intends to absorb including:

satellite broadband cellular 3G systems Wireless Local Loop (WLL) Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Personal Area Network (PAN)

4G

Many companies have taken self-serving definitions of 4G to suggest they have 4G already in existence today, such as several early trials and launches of WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Inc.) (group promoting IEEE 802.16 wireless broadband standard) which is part of the formal ITU standard for 3G Other companies have made prototype systems calling those 4G While it is possible that some currently demonstrated technologies may become part of 4G, until its standard or standards have been defined, it is impossible for any company currently to provide with any certainty wireless solutions that could be called 4G cellular networks conforming to the eventual international standards for 4G.

4G