FACTS-based Schemes for

Distribution Networks with

Dispersed Renewable Wind
Energy
Professor Dr. Adel M Sharaf
ECE Dept., UNB
Fredericton, NB, Canada
 Outline
 Introduction
 Motivations
 Sample Study System Modelling
 Novel FACTS-based Schemes
 Controller Tuning
 Digital Simulation
 Conclusions and Recommendations
Introduction
 Wind is a renewable Green Energy source

Load

kinetic Mechanical Electrical

Energy Energy Energy
Introduction
 Wind is also a clean Abundant Source
 No Emissions, No Pollutions
carbon
dioxide sulfur
dioxide

particulates
Introduction
 Wind energy is a promising green energy
and becomes increasingly viable &popular.
 The cost of wind-generated electric energy
has dropped substantially(6-7 per KWH).
 By 2005, the worldwide capacity had been
increased to 58,982 MW-Cost is $ 2000-
2500/KW
 World Wind Energy Association expects
120,000 MW to be installed globally by
2010.
Introduction
Total installed wind power MW-capacity
（ data from World Wind Energy Association)
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000 2004 (MW
)
8000 2005 (MW
)
6000
4000
2000
0
Germany USA Denmark CANADA
Introduction
 Wind Energy Conversion System
(WECS) Using Large Squirrel
Cage/Slip ring Induction Generators
 Stand alone-Village Electricity
 Electric Grid Connected WECS
 Distributed/Dispersed/Farm
Renewable Wind Energy Schemes
 Located closer to Load Centers
 Low Reliability, Utilization, Security
Motivations
 Energy crisis
 Shortage of conventional fossil fuel
based energy
 Escalating/rising cost of fossil fuels
 Environmental/Pollution/GHG Issues
 Greenhouse gas emission /Carbon Print
 Acid Rain/Smog/VOC-Micro-Particulates
 Water/Air/Soil Pollution &Health Hazards
Motivations
 Large wind farm utilization is also emerging
(50MW-250 MW) Sized Using Super Wind
driven Turbines 1.6, 3.6, 5 MW Sizes
 Many new interface
Regulations/Standards/PQ Requirements
regarding full integration of large
distributed/dispersed Wind Farms into
Utility Grid.
Motivations
 Challenges for Utility Grid–Wind Integration.
 Stochastically-Highly Variable wind power injected into the
Utility Grid.
 Increased Wind MW-Power penetration Level.
 Low SCR-Weak Distribution/Sub
Transmission/Transmission Networks
- Mostly of a Radial Configuration
- Large R/X ratio distribution Feeder with high Power
Losses (4-10 %), Voltage Regulation
Problems/Power Quality/Interference Issues.
 Required Reactive Power Compensation & Increased
Burden brought by the induction generator
 Sample Distribution Study System

L.L.1 L.L.2

T2 T3 N.L.L
T1 L.L.3
Infinite
Bus
WECS I.M.
 WECS-Decoupled Interface Scheme

Uncontrolled PWM
I.G. Rectifier Inverter
Lf

Cf To Grid

DC Link
Interface
Wind
Turbine Cself
System Description-wind turbine
 Wind turbine model based on the
steady-state power characteristics of
the turbine
1
Pm = C p × S × ρ × V 3
2

 S -- the Total BladeArea swept by the

rotor blades (m^2)
 v -- the wind velocity (m/s)
 ρ--air density (kg/v^3)
 tip speed ratio λ is
System Description the quotient
between the
tangential speed of
C1=0.5176, the rotor blade tips
C2=116, and the
C3=0.4, C4=5, undisturbed wind
C5=21 and velocity
C6=0.0068
c3
 C2 λi
C p (λ , β ) = C1  − C3 β − C4  e + C6 λ
 λi 

1 1 0.035
= − 3
λi λ + 0.08β β + 1
System Description – Wind speed
 The dynamic wind speed model consists of
four basic components:
 Mean wind speed-14 m/s
 Wind speed ramp with a slope of ±5.6
 Wind gust v = Ag [1− cos(2π (t / Dg − Tsg / Dg ))]
 Ag: the amplitude of the gust
 Tsg: the starting time of the gust
 Teg: the end time of the gust
 Dg = Teg - Tsg
 Turbulence components: a random Gaussian
series
Wind Speed Dynamic Model
18

16

14 The eventual wind

speed applied to
12
the wind turbine
Wind Speed (m/s)

10 is the summation
8
of all four key
components.
6

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
MPFC-FACTS Scheme 1
 Complementary PWM
pulses to ensure dynamic
topology change between
switched capacitor and
tuned arm power filter
 Two IGBT solid state
switches control the
operation of the MPFC via
a six-pulse diode bridge
Tri-loop Error Driven Controller

Modulation
Index
Voltage
Stabilization
loop

Current Harmonic
Current Dynamic Tracking Loop
Error Tracking loop
DVR-FACTS Scheme 2
If S1 is high and S2 is
 A combination of
low, both the series
and shunt capacitors
series capacitor
are connected into the
andcircuit,
shuntwhile the
capacitor
resistor and inductor
will be fully shorted
compensation
 Flexible
If S1 isstructure
low and S2 is
modulated by capacitor
high, the series a
will be removed
Tri-loop Error from the
system, the resistor and
Driven
inductorController
will be connected
to the shunt capacitors as
a tuned arm filter
HPFC-FACTS Scheme 3
 Use of a 6-pulse Coupling
VSC based APF to capacitor
have faster
controllability and Coupling
enhanced dynamic transformer
performance
PWM
 Combination of Passive
converter
tuned passive Filter
power filter and DC Capacitor tuned
active power filter to provide the near 3rd
to reduce cost energizing harmonic
voltage frequency
Novel Scheme-3 Multi-loop Error Driven Controller
Novel Decoupled Multi-loop Error Driven Controller
 Using decoupled direct and quad. (d , q)
voltage components
 Using The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to get
the required synchronizing signal- phase
angle of the synthesized VSC-Three Phase
AC output voltages with Utility-Bus
 Using Proportional plus Integral (PI)
controller to regulate any tracked errors
 Using Pulse Width Modulation-PWM with a
variable modulation index -m
Novel Decoupled Multi-loop Error Driven Controller

 Outer-Voltage Regulator: Tri-loop Dynamic

Error-Driven controller
 The voltage stabilization loop
 The current dynamic error tracking loop
 The dynamic power tracking loop
 Inner-Voltage Regulator: Mainly to control
the DC-Side capacitor charging and
discharging voltage to ensure almost a near
constant DC capacitor voltage
Controller Tuning
 Control Parameter: Selection/optimization
 Using a guided Off-Line Trial-and-Error
Method based on successive digital
simulations
 Minimize
N the objective
2 function-Jo
J o = ∑ et ( k ) Where settling time count N =
Tsettling

k =1
Tsample

 Find optimal Gains: kp, ki and individual loop

weightings (γ) to yield a near minimum Jo under
different set-selections of the controller
parameters
 ASampleofJ0-Ki-Kp3-phase-portraitforControllerParameterSearching

0.8

0.6
Jo

0.4

0.2

0
15 2
10 1.5
5 1
0.5
0
Ki Kp
Digital Simulation
 Digital Study System Validation is done by
using Matlab/Simulink/Sim-Power Software
Environment under a sequence of excursions:
 Load switching/Excusrions
 At t = 0.2 second, the induction motor was removed
from bus 5 for a duration of 0.1 seconds;
 At t = 0.4 second, linear load was removed from bus 4
for a duration of 0.1 seconds;
 At t = 0.5 second, the AC distribution system recovered
to its initial state.
 Wind-Speed Gusting changes modeled by dynamic
wind speed-Software model
Digital Simulation
 Digital Simulation Environment:
MATLAB /Simulink/Sim-Power
 Using the discrete simulation mode
with a sample time of 0.1
milliseconds
 The digital simulations were carried
out without and with the novel
FACTS-based devices located at Bus 5
for 0.8 seconds
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 2 without and with MPFC

withcompensation
Voltage(L-Lrms)
without compensation
Per unit
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
5
Per unit

3
1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Real Power
2
Per unit

1
0
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
1
Per unit

0
-1
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PowerFactor
1.1
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 3 without and with MPFC

withcom pensation
Voltage(L-Lrms)
2 without com pensation
Per unit 1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
1.5
Per uint

1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
RealPower
1
Per unit

0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
1
Per unit

0.5
0
-0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PowerFactor
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 5 without and with MPFC
withcompensation
Voltage(L-Lrms) without compensation

Per unit
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
1.5
Per unit

1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Real Power
1
Per unit

0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
1
Per unit

0
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PowerFactor
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
 The frequency variation at the WECS
interface without and with MPFC
62
withcom pensation
without com pensation
61

60
Frequency (Hz)

59

58

57

56
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 2 without and with DVR
Voltage(L-Lrms) withcompensation
without compensation
1.5
Per unit 1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
Per unit

3
1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Real Power
2
Per unit

1
0
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
1
Per unit

0
-1
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PowerFactor
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 3 without and with DVR

Voltage(L-Lrms) withcom pensation

1.5 without com pensation

Per unit
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
1.5
Per unit

1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
RealPower
1
Per unit

0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
2
Per unit

1
0
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PowerFactor
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 5 without and with DVR
Voltage(L-Lrms) withcompensation
1.5 without compensation
Per unit
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
Per unit

1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Real Power
Per unit

0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
1
Per unit

0.5
0
-0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PowerFactor
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
 The frequency variation at the WECS
interface without and with DVR
62
withcompensation
without compensation
61

60
Frequency (Herz)

59

58

57

56
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 2 without and with HPFC
withcompensation
Voltage(L-Lrms) without compensation

Per unit
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
Per unit

3
1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Real Power
2
Per unit

1
0
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
1
Per unit

0
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Power Factor
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(second)
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 3 without and with HPFC
withcompensation
Voltage(L-Lrms) without compensation

Per unit
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
Per unit

1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Real Power
Per unit

0.5
0
-0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
Per unit

0.5
0
-0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Power Factor
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
System Dynamic Responses at Bus 5 without and with HPFC
Voltage(L-Lrms) withcompensation
1.5 without compensation
Per unit 1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current (rms)
1.5
Per unit

1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Real Power
1
Per unit

0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ReactivePower
1
Per unit

0.5
0
-0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Power Factor
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
 The frequency variation at the WECS
interface without and with HPFC
62
withcompensation
without compensation
61

60
Frequency (Herz)

59

58

57

56
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time(Second)
 Comparison of Voltage THD with
Different Compensation Scheme
Bus Without With With With
number compensator MPFC DVR HPFC
1 28.39% 4.90% 11.9% 4.99%
2 32.70% 4.60% 12.2% 4.88%
3 35.95% 4.29% 12.6% 4.69%
4 35.75% 3.51% 12.2% 4.51%
5 35.77% 3.32% 13.1% 3.90%
6 36.04% 3.57% 8.57% 4.57%
 Comparison of Steady-state Bus Voltage
with Different Compensation Scheme
Bus Without With With With
number compensator MPFC DVR HPFC
1 0.97 1.02 1.01 1.05
2 0.95 1.00 1.03 1.05
3 0.94 1.00 1.02 1.05
4 0.89 0.99 1.02 1.05
5 0.86 0.99 1.02 1.06
6 0.83 0.96 1.03 1.05
Conclusions
 Three Novel FACTS-based Converter &
Control schemes, namely the MPFC,
the DVR, and the HPFC, have been
Developed and validated for voltage
stabilization, power factor correction
and power quality improvement in the
distribution network with dispersed
wind energy integrated.
Recommendation
 The Low-Cost MPFC-Scheme 1 is preferred for
low to medium size wind energy integration
schemes (from 600 to 5000 kW).
 The DVR-Scheme 2 is good for Strong AC sub-
transmission and distribution systems with
large X/R ratio
 The HPFC-Scheme 2 Active Power Filter &
Capacitor Compensator is most suitable for
Larger Wind-Farms with MW-energy
penetration level (100 MW or above).
Recommendation
 The schemes validated in this research
need to be fully tested in the distribution
network with real dispersed wind energy
systems.
 This research can be extended to the grid
integration of other dispersed renewable
energy.
 Other Artificial Intelligence based control
strategies can be investigated in future
work.
Conclusions
 A Validation Study of a unified sample
study system Using the ATLAB/Simulink
 A dynamic wind speed software model was
developed to simulate the varying
Random/Stochastic and temporal wind
variations in the MATLAB/Simulink
 Three Novel FACTS based Stabilization
Schemes were validated using digital
simulations
 Novel Control strategies using dynamic
Multi-Loop Decoupled Controllers were
developed & Validated
Publications
 [1] A. M. Sharaf and Weihua Wang, ‘A Low-cost Voltage Stabilization and
Power Quality Enhancement Scheme for a Small Renewable Wind Energy
Scheme’, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics,
2006, p.1949-53, Montreal, Canada
 [2] A. M. Sharaf and Weihua Wang, ‘A Novel Voltage Stabilization Scheme
for Standalone Wind Energy Using A Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller’,
Proceeding- the 2nd International Green Energy Conference, 2006, Vol. 2,
p.205-301, Oshawa, Canada
 [3] A. M. Sharaf, Weihua Wang, and I. H. Altas, ‘Novel STATCOM
Controller for Reactive Power Compensation in Distribution Networks with
Dispersed Renewable Wind Energy’, 2007 Canadian Conference on
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, April, 2007
 [4] A. M. Sharaf, Weihua Wang, and I. H. Altas, ‘A Novel Modulated Power
Filter Compensator for Renewable Dispersed Wind Energy Interface’, the
International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, 2007, Capri, Italy,
May, 2007
 [5] A. M. Sharaf, Weihua Wang, and I. H. Altas, ‘A Novel Modulated
Power Filter Compensator for Distribution Networks with Distributed Wind
Energy’ (Accepted by International Journal of Emerging Electric Power
System)