Author:

Allen R. Angel
Overview

 Real numbers (chapter01)

 Solving Linear Equations &
Inequalities (chapter02)
 Quadratic Equations (chapter10)
 System of Linear equations (chapter08)
 Factoring (chapter05)
 And ………….
Chapter No:1

Real
Numbers
Real Numbers.
Real numbers
= {All the numbers that can be
represented on real number line}
Real number line is a line use to
represent real numbers. it starts
from zero and continuous in both
directions Infinitely. The numbers to
the right of zero are positive and the
numbers to the left of zero are
negative numbers.
Negative positive

0
Finite Numbers.

A numbers which is countable.

Example:
{1,2,3,4,5}
Example:
Number of the days in a
week.
Example:
Number of students in kardan
Institute of Higher Education
in Kabul campus.
Infinite Numbers.

A numbers which is uncountable

Example:
Number of stars on the sky.
Example:
Red cells in the body.
Course Out Line Includes
The Following Topics in
Chapter 1.
1. Fraction .
2. Real Numbers system.
3. Addition & Subtraction of Real
Numbers.
4. Multiplication & Division of Real
Numbers.
5. Inequalities.
6. Exponents.
1. Fraction
Definition Of The Fraction

“The Ratio of Numerator and

Denominator is called fraction”
Let a
b
is called fraction.
Such that (a) is called
Numerator and (b) is called
Denominator.
Topics of the Fractions.

 Factors.
 Reduce Fraction in Lowest term.
 Multiply fractions.
 Divide fractions
 Add and subtract fractions.
 Convert mixed numbers to fractions.
Factors .

 If axb = c then (a) and (b) are factors

of (c).
For example,
3x5 = 15, the Numbers 3 and
5 are the factors of the product 15.
2x15 = 30, the numbers
2and 15 are the factors of the product
30.
Formula
a d
x
b c

axd
= bxc
Example

Multiply 6× 6
13 5
= 6x6
13x5
36
=
65

(Answer).
Addition & subtraction
of Fractions
(Same Denominator)
Formula: (Addition)
a + b = a+
d d bd

Formula: (Subtraction)

a - b = a - b
d d d
Addition Fraction
(Same Denominator)

 Example:

9 + 2
15 15
9 +
=
2
15
= 11
15

(Answer)
Subtraction of Fraction
(same Denominator)
Example:
2 _ 1
3 3
2 - 1
=
3
1
= Answer
3
Addition & Subtraction
of fractions
(Different Denominator)
Formula: (Addition)
x + y a x + by
=
b a ba
Formula: (Subtraction)
x - y= a x - by
b a ba
Addition of fraction
(Different Denominator)
Example:
3 2
+
4 3
3x3 +4x2
=
4x3
9+8
=
12
17
=
12 (Answer)
Subtraction of Fraction
(Different Denominator)
Example :
3 2
-
4 3
=
3x3-4x2
4x3
=
9-8
12
1
=
12
(Answer)
Division of the
Fraction:

Formula:

a c
÷
b d

a × d
=
b c
a×d
= b×c
Example of the division
fraction
Example:
5 7
6 ÷ 2

• × 2
=
6 7
5x2 10
= =
6x7 42 Answer.
Reduce Fraction:

Greatest common divisor is very

important for the Reduce Fraction.
24,27 find the GCD
2 24 3 27
2 12 39
2 6 33
3 3 1
1
24=2x2x2x3
27=3x3x3
GCD=3
“Same Number is called Greatest Common divisor”
Reduce Fractions.
Example : Reduce 10 to its lowest
terms. 2
25 10
Numerator = 10 5 10
0
Denominator=25
1 10 1 25
2 5 5 5
1 1
10 =2x5
•=5x5

GCD=5
10÷5 = 2 (Answer)
25÷5 5
Mixed Number.
Formula:

Quotient×Reminder
Divisor

Is Called Mixed
Number.
Example of the Mix
Number:
Question: 5÷3 1 Quotient
5 Dividend
divisor 3 3
2 Reminder

Reminder 2
Quotient× = 1×
Divisor 3
 Exercise No:1.2 on page
17
Reduce fraction into lowest term? 8
Question 10.
15 120
15 Numerator=15 120
120 Denominator=120 0
15=3x5
120=2x2x2x3x5
GCD=3x5=15
1 15
2 5
2 120 1
2 60
15÷15 = 1 30
2
120÷15 8 (Answer) 3 15
5 5
1
 Real Number system
1. Natural Number: All positive numbers start
from 1 upto unlimited & denoted by “N”
2. Whole Number: All positive numbers strat from
Zero upto unlimited, denoted by “W”
3. Rational Number: We can write in form of
Fraction p/q and it is the condition that
denominator is not equal to Zero, denoted by
“R”
4. Irrational Numbers: We can write in form of
square root, denoted by IRR
5. Integers: All positive & negative numbers which
start from Zero, denoted byƵ
6. Real Number line: It is a line, all the nature
numbers, whole numbers, rational numbers &
irrational numbers, integers are presented in
Question 48 on page 18.
1 - 1
36 36
Solution :
= 18-1
36

17
=
36

(Answer)
Exercise Set 1.2
page No:17 - 18 book
Practice the questions from 1 to 72.
 2.The Real Number System

Real Number

Rational Number Irrational Number

Integers

Negative Integers Zero Positive integers

 Before the discussion of the Real Number,
we will follow different Numbers.

Natural Number.
N={1,2,3,4,………………}
Whole Number.
W={0,1,2,3,4……………..}

Integers.
Z={…………….-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3,………..}

Positive Integers.
+z={+1,+2,+3+…………}

Negative Integers.
-z={-1,-2,-3,-……………….}
Rational Numbers:
{………….-4,-3.2,-2,-1.1,-1-0,+1,+1.5,+2,2.5,3,3.5…………}
Irrational Numbers:

{…………-3 − ,2 1.,2 ,0,

2 ,3 ,………….}

2
2.Real Number.

{……,-3,- 2 ,-1.2,0,1, ,2/3,5,………}

2

Note : “when we combine the

Natural Numbers,
whole Numbers,
Integers,
Rational & Irrational Numbers,
so it is called Real Numbers or Real
Number Line”
Exercise 1.3on page 24
1. -1 is a negative integer
2. 0 is an integer 1 T
3. ½ is an integer 2 T
3 F
4. √2 is a rational number
4 F
5. -3/5 is a rational
number 5 T
6. -4 1/3 is rational 6 T
number 7 F
7. -5/3is an irrational 8 F
number 9 T
8. 0 is a positive number 10 T
9. When zero is added to
the set of counting
numbers, the set of
whole number is
formed
10. The natural numbers,
counting numbers and
positive integers are
different names for the
Exercise 1.3 on page 24.

1. integers. ( see slide no:21)

2. Whole numbers ( see slide no:21)
3. Natural numbers ( see slide no:21)
4. Negative numbers ( see slide no:21)
5. Positive integers ( see slide no:21)
6. Counting numbers ( means “Real
numbers”)
Answer: {……,-3,-
2 ,-1.2,0,1,
2 ,2/3,5,…
……}
Questions Cntd……
11.When the negative integers 11.
,positive integers and 0 are
combined the integers are T
formed 12.
12.Any number to the left of zero T
on real number line is a
negative number 13.
13.0 is a rational number T
14.Every negative integer is a real 14.
number T
15.Every integer is a rational
number 15.
16.Every rational number is a real T
number 16.
17.Every real number is a rational T
number
17.
18.0.5 is an integer
F
19.Some real numbers are not
rational numbers 18.
20.Some rational numbers are not F
real numbers 19.
T
 Practice
Example1 page No:23 book
 Consider the following set of numbers
 {-6, -0.5, 41/2, -96, 3 , 0, 9, -4/7, -2.9, 7, -
5 }
 List the elements of the set that are
 a) Natural numbers
 B )Whole numbers
 c) Integers
 D )Rational numbers
 e) Irrational numbers
 f) Real numbers

Natural numbers= 9

Whole numbers= 0, 9

Integers= -6, -96, 0, 9

Rational numbers= -6, -0.5, 41/2,-96,0, 9, -4/7, -2.9

Irrational numbers= , 7 , - 5

Real numbers= -6, -0.5, 41/2, -96, 3 , 0, 9, -4/7, -2.9, 7 ,- 5

 Inequalities.
The difference between Less Number and Greater Number is called Inequalitie

 If the statement has the following symbols in it, then it is

called inequality

> It means that “Less then”

< It means that “Greater then”

 Exercise: 1.4 on page 28,
Question:12. 4 -2 >
Question:13.-0.006 > -0.007
Question:11.
2<3
Question:24. -1.83 <-1.82
Question:26 -9>-12
Solved the more questions by yourself.
 Absolute value:
Same Distance on the Real Line from the right and left of zero is called absolute

Same Distance Same Distance

0
(Real Line)
Exercise no:1.4,on
page28
Question no:1
4

Distance Distance

-4 0 +4
Question 2 on page 28.

-3 = 3

Distance Distance

+3
-3 0
 6.Exponent: means power.

Example:
4 exponent

5 base

= 5x5x5x5
= 625 (answer)
 Rule of the exponent:
even
Rule:1,
(-2) =+2(answer)
odd
Rule:2,
(-2) =-2(answer)
 Exercise 1.8 on page 56.
3 exponent 3 Odd exponent
Q.2 (3)
=3x3x3
Q.11 (-1)
=27 (answer) = -1x-1x-1
= -1 (answer).
2 exponent
Q.31 5(4)
=5(4x4)
=5(16)
=5x16
=80 (answer)
Exponent: (if x, y , z)
if Bases are same then power should be added “ Base write only one time”

2 3
y y x

2+3
=y
5
=y (Answer)
Exercise 1.8 on page 56.

Solved Remaining Question.

Properties of the Real
Numbers.
We have three properties of the Real
Numbers.
 Commutative property.
 Associative property.
 Distributive property.
Use of parentheses and
Brace brackets .
(-----) it called parentheses brackets

{----} it called brace bracket

[----] it called big bracket.

 1.Commutative property

1. Commutative property of addition.

If a and b be any real numbers,

a + b=b+a

Example: 4+3=3+4
7 = 7

2. Commutative property of multiplication.

If a and b be any real numbers,

ax b=bxa

Example: 3x6 = 6x3

18 = 18
 2.Associative property.
1.Associative property of Addition.

If a ,b and c are real number

(a + b) + c = a + ( b + c)
2. Associative property of Multiplication
example :
If a ,b and c are real number
(3+4)+5=3+(4+5)

12 = 12 (a × b) × c = a × ( b × c)

example :

(3×4)×5=3×(4×5)

12 x 5 = 3x 20

60 = 60
3.Distributive property.

Addition:
Distributive property of

let a , b and c are real numbers.

a ( b + c ) = ab + ac
Example:
2( 3 + 4 ) = ( 2x3 ) + ( 2x4)
2( 7 ) = 6 + 8
14 = 14
End of chapter 1.