Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Microelectronics Over The Years…
© BITS Pilani August 2006
The Early Days
1874 Ferdinand Brown proposed a solid
state point contact rectifier
1920’s Theoretical development of
quantum mechanics
1926 Julius Lilienfeld patented the FET
concept
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Arrival of the Three Unknowns
1929 Walter Brattain joined from the
University of Minnesota
1936
William Shockley joined from
the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
1945 John Bardeen came from the
University of Minnesota after
having done rounds at Princeton
and Harvard
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The Bell Labs Initiative
1936 Mervin Kelly decided to start a
solid state device group
Jan 1946
Kelly assembled another team
headed by Bill Shockley and
Stanley Morgan to make a
solid state switch
Dec 1947 Bardeen and Brattain create the
first point contact transistor
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The Transistor goes public
June 30, 1948
Bell Labs held a press
conference in New York to
demonstrate to the world
their new discovery
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The Transistor Three
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Transistor Trivia
The terms emitter, base and collector were
coined by Bardeen
The gain properties of these devices were
described as output voltage over input
current – hence the name transresistance
A science fiction writer named J. R. Pierce
proposed the term transistor
Shockley kept the invention of the BJT a
secret for 2 months
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Why the Transistor?
Vout = Vdd - IRL
Voutnew = Vdd - (I+ΔI)RL
RL I
+ΔI ΔVout = -ΔIRL
ΔVout = -ΔIRL
+ΔV ΔV ΔV
Av = -gmRL
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The Bipolar Junction Transistor
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The Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Field Effect Transistor
n+
p
n+
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1952
A Bell Labs team developed a new means of
making high purity Si and Ge crystals which was
known as zone refining
Ian Ross and George Dacey succeeded in making
a unipolar device which was the precursor to the
FET
In April, Bell Labs held a symposium for all
transistor license holders
Gordon Teal left Bell Labs to join a company
called Geophysical Services Incorporated
Jack Morton, head of the Device Development
Department announced Don Thomas’ invention
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1955
Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita formed
Tokyo Tsushin Kyogo and renamed their
company
Bill Shockley started Shockley
Semiconductors
Shockley Semiconductors hired Gordon
Moore and Robert Noyce
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Enter the Integrated Circuit
Jack Kilby of
TI developed
the first IC
using TI’s mesa
techniques in
1958
Bob Noyce simultaneously invented the IC
working for a startup called Fairchild
Semiconductor in California
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Kilby’s Principles
The designer of an electronic system should
seek to maximise four features of his
product :
i) reliability
ii) economy
iii) performance
iv) functional density
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Later Developments
Late 1950’s M. M. Atalla and Dawon
Kahng developed the
world’s first MOSFET
Les Hogan, GM,
Early 1960’s Motorola’s Semiconductor
Products Division
introduced the monolithic
IC
Early 1960’s Entry of CMOS circuits
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Moore’s Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the
number of components on a silicon chip
would double approximately every eighteen
months
Moore’s Law is yet to fail!
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Another New Company
In 1968, Moore and Noyce founded a new
company called Integrated Electronics, which
made memory chips
In 1971, the 4004 was introduced
In 1981, IBM introduced the world’s first
personal computer - the IBM PC - based on
the 8088 and running at 4.77 MHz
It ran the the disk operating system MS-DOS
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Advanced Micro Devices
Athlon 64 X2 5000+
2.4 GHz
233.2m transistors
90nm technology
199 mm2
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The Future of Microelectronics
Single electron transistors
Bionic people
Speech synthesisers
Microscopic helicopters
Photonics
New materials
New technologies
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Why Analog?
Processing of natural signals
Digital Communications
Disk Drive Electronics
Wireless Receivers
Optical Receivers
Sensors
Microprocessors and Memories
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Analog circuit designers tend to think of
themselves as lone cowboys, brave
pioneers, creative and independent types,
in contrast to the herd animals of Digital
IC world
Charles Mangelsdorf
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