Gears are from

Rolling Cylinders Rolling Cones Rolling Hyperboloids

Spur gears

Bevel gears

Hypoid gears

Spur Gears

Teeth are parallel to axis Noisier Can be disengaged

Least expensive type High efficiency (99% / set) Backlash can be a problem

At the time of engagement of the two gears, the contact extends across the entire width on a line parallel to the axis of rotation. This results in sudden application of the 2 load, high impact stresses and excessive noise at high speeds

Helical Gears

Parallel axes (e = 96 - 98%) At the beginning of contact only at the point of leading edge of curved teeth. As the gears rotate, the contact extends along a diagonal line across the teeth. Thus the load application is gradual
Teeth not parallel to axis(but curved ) Mating gears have same helix angle but opposite hands Parallel or crossed axes More expensive than spur Quieter than others Axial force component 3 Stronger tooth section Harder to disengage

Crossed axes (e = 50 - 90% )

Herringbone Gears
Develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust force within the gear itself. The net axial force that acts on the bearings is zero

Two opposite-hand helicals back to back High power transmitting capacity High pitch line velocity As quiet as helicals Very expensive to make

Double helical gear

Rack and Pinion

One of the mating gear is of infinite pitch circle diameter Rotary to linear motion Can be spur, helical, or herringbone Involute becomes a straight line trapezoidal teeth Used in rack and pinion steering Used as a cutter to make circular gears
5

Bevel Gear

Kinematically the motion is equivalent to the rolling of two cones

Straight bevel: Teeth are straight ,radial to the point of intersection of the shaft axes and vary in cross section throughout their length. Gear of same size connecting two shafts at right angles are mitre gears Spiral bevel: Teeth are inclined at an angle to the face of the bevel. Gradual load application as in helical gear Zerol bevel: Curved teeth but with a zero degree spiral angle Cone apices intersect Not involute but octoid Low power capacity

Worm Gear

Non-throated

Single throated

Double throated
Worm has single tooth or thread Worm is helical with big helix angle Teeth are not involutes Ratio = no. of teeth on wheel

Made and installed as matched pairs

Shaft have any angle, normally 90 Can design them to prevent backdriving High ratios obtainable in single stage

Center distance is crucial

Very expensive to make Poor effy (40 - 85%) high sliding and thrust load High torque capacity
7

Hypoid Gears

Based on rolling hyperboloids

Meant for nonparallel and non intersecting axes Non-involute teeth High torque capacity Used in automotive differentials in
order to lower the axis of the driveshaft below the center of the rear axle to reduce the driveshaft hump in the back seat

Hypoid pinion is larger and stronger than the spiral bevel pinion Shaft can pass each other so that bearings can be used on both sides of the gear and the pinion Continuous pitch line contact of the two mating hypoid gears while in action

Fig. 14.5

Pitch cylinders: Imaginary friction cylinders, which by pure rolling together, transmit the same motion as the pair of gears
Pitch circle: Circle corresponding to the equivalent pitch cylinders Pitch point: Point of contact of two pitch circles Addendum circle: Circle passing through the tips of teeth Dedendum circle: Circle passing through the roots of the teeth Whole depth: Total radial depth of the tooth space Working depth: Maximum depth to which a tooth penetrates into the tooth space of the mating gear

Circular pitch: Distance measured along the circumference of the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on the adjacent tooth p d
T

Width of space: Tooth space along the pitch circle

Addendum: Radial height of a tooth above the pitch circle
(normally 1 module)

Dedendum: Radial depth of tooth below the pitch circle

(normally 1.25 module)

Clearance: Radial difference between the addendum and the dedendum of a tooth Tooth thickness: Tooth thickness measured along the pitch circle Top land: Surface of the top of the tooth Bottom land: Surface of the bottom of the tooth between the adjacent fillets Face: Tooth surface between the pitch circle and the top land Flank: Tooth surface between the pitch circle and the bottom land including fillet Fillet: Curved portion of the tooth flank at the root circle