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Equilibrium State
Requirement Variety
Physical equilibrium H2O (l) H2O (g)
Depicting Equilibrium
In a system at equilibrium, both the forward and reverse reactions are being carried out; as a result, we write its equation with a double arrow
N2O4 (g) 2 NO2 (g)
N2O4(g)
2NO2(g)
Equilibrium is a state in which there are no observable changes as time goes by. Chemical equilibrium is achieved when: the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and they are not zero.
Rate law:
Rate = kf [N2O4]
Rate law:
Rate = kr [NO2]2
kf kr
[NO2]2 = [N2O4]
kf Keq = kr
[NO2]2 = [N2O4]
aA + bB
cC + dD
[C]c[D]d Kc = [A]a[B]b
Homogenous equilibrium applies to reactions in which all reacting species are in the same phase. N2O4 (g) Kc = [NO2 ]2 2NO2 (g)
[N2O4] Kc Kp
Kp =
In most cases
2 PNO 2
P N2O4
aA (g) + bB (g)
cC (g) + dD (g)
Heterogenous equilibrium applies to reactions in which reactants and products are in different phases.
CaCO3 (s)
[CaO][CO2] Kc = [CaCO ] 3
The concentration of solids and pure liquids are not included in the expression for the equilibrium constant.
CaCO3 (s)
PCO 2 = Kp
PCO 2 does not depend on the amount of CaCO3 or CaO
The equilibrium concentrations for the reaction between carbon monoxide and molecular chlorine to form COCl2 (g) at 740C are [CO] = 0.012 M, [Cl2] = 0.054 M, and [COCl2] = 0.14 M. Calculate the equilibrium constants Kc and Kp.
A closed system initially containing 1.000 x 103 M H2 and 2.000 x 103 M I2 At 448C is allowed to reach equilibrium. Analysis of the equilibrium mixture shows that the concentration of HI is 1.87 x 103 M. Calculate Kc at 448C for the reaction taking place, which is
At 12800C the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reaction
Br2 (g)
2Br (g)
Is 1.1 x 10-3. If the initial concentrations are [Br2] = 0.063 M and [Br] = 0.012 M, calculate the concentrations of these species at equilibrium.
If Q > K, there is too much product and the equilibrium shifts to the left.
If Q < K, there is too much reactant, and the equilibrium shifts to the right.