FLIGHT DYNAMICS 1

AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES To study the different forces acting on a vehicle in flight, drag, variation of thrust, performance during different conditions, and flight testing
FORCE AND DRAG Forces and moments acting on a vehicle in flight. Equations of motion of a rigid flight vehicle Various types of drags. Drag polar of vehicles from low speeds to hypersonic speeds. AIR BREATHING ENGINES AND ROCKETS Review of the variation of thrust/power and SFC with altitude and velocity, for various air breathing engines and rockets. UNACCELERATED FLIGHT Performance of airplane in level flight, range, endurance. glide, climb. ACCELERATED FLIGHT Accelerated flight, turn, maneuvers, take-off and landing. Flight limitations. FLIGHT TESTING Flight - testing: Altitude definitions, Speed definitions, Air speed, altitude and temperature measurements. Errors and calibration. Measurement of engine power, charts and corrections. Flight determination of drag polar.

TYPICAL FLIGHT PATH OF A PASSENGER AIRPLANE

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A PISTON ENGINED AIRPLANE

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPLANE WITH TURBOPROP ENGINE

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPLANE WITH JET ENGINE

FORCES ACTING ON AN AIRPLANE

Gravitational force Aerodynamic forces and Propulsive force.

FORCES ACTING ON AN AIRPLANE

AIRCRAFT AXIS SYSTEMS

Body axis system

Earth axis system

Stability axis system

BODY AXIS SYSTEM

Fixed to the aircraft
Origin at the aircrafts center of gravity The X axis is defined out the nose of the aircraft along some reference

line
The Y axis is defined out the right wing of the aircraft Z-axis down through the bottom of the aircraft The pilot sits in the body axis system Easy to determine the moments and products of inertia in the body axis system because it is fixed to the aircraft

EARTH AXIS SYSTEM

Fixed to the earth with its Z axis pointing to the center of the earth X and Y axis are orthogonal and lie in the local horizontal plane with the

origin at the aircraft center of gravity

X axis defined as north: Y axis East Assumed to be an inertial axis system for aircraft problems Newtons second law is valid only in inertial system

STABILITY AXIS SYSTEM

Rotated relative to the body axis system through the angle of attack X axis points in the direction of the projection of the relativewind onto the xzplane of the aircraft. Origin at the aircrafts center of gravity The Y axis is defined out the right wing of the aircraft and coincident with the Y axis of the body axis system The z axis is orthogonal and points downwordin accordacewith the right hand rule Useful in defining the aerodynamic forces of lift and drag.

THE FORCES AND MOMENTS ACTING ON AN AIRPLANE

EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF A RIGID FLIGHT VEHICLE

Unaccelerated level flight

T cos D = 0 T sin + L W = 0 Mcg = 0