The Organization of the Human Body

Ace Bryan S. Cabal Bio Sci 105

Specific Objectives
Define anatomy and explain the importance of understanding the relationship between structure and function Describe the levels of organization of the body and give the major characteristics of each Define the important life processes of the human body Define homeostasis and explain its relationship to internal environment Describe the components of the feedback system Differentiate positive and negative feedback systems Describe the orientation of the body in the anatomical position Define the different anatomical terms, planes and sections used to describe the various regions of the body Describe the major body cavities and identify the organs they contain and the linings associated with them Identify and describe the various clinical applications of this chapter

Anatomy
Is the scientific study that explores the structure of the body Means dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study Study that includes structure of body parts, their microscopic organization and the processes by which they develop Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function

Systemic vs. Regional Anatomy

Systemic- Study of the body by organ system Regional- Organization of the body by area

Surface Anatomy
the study of external features such as bony projections which serves as landmarks for locating deeper structures

Anatomic Imaging
Involves the use of x-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT-Scan (Computerized tomography)

Physiology
Is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things Goals: 1. understand and predict the bodys response to stimuli 2. understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of a continually changing environment

Physiology
Divided according to 1. Organisms involved e.g. Human, microbes 2. The levels of organization within the given organism e.g. cellular, systemic

Structural and Functional Levels of Organization

Structural and Functional Levels of Organization

Chemical Interaction among atoms and their combination into molecule. The function of a molecule is intimately related to its structure e.g. Collagen, keratin

Structural and Functional Levels of Organization

Cells Are the basic structural and functional unit of organisms Made up of organelles or small structures that make up the cell

Structural and Functional Levels of Organization

Tissue Is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them The characteristics of the cells and the materials surrounding them determine the functions of the tissue 4 Primary tissue types Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

Structural and Functional Levels of Organization

Organ Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions. e.g. skin, tongue, eyes, brain, heart, liver

Structural and Functional Levels of Organization

Organ system Is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions. e.g. Urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. Urine from the kidney is transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder for storage until eliminated outside the body through the urethra

Structural and Functional Levels of Organization

Organism Is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell or unicellular organisms such as bacterium, protozoans or multicellular organisms such as a human

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Integumentary System Provides protection, regulate T, prevents water loss and produces Vit D precursors Skin, hair, nails and sweat glands

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Skeletal System Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat Bones, associated cartilages, ligaments and joints

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Muscular System Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Lymphatic System Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats infection, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Respiratory System Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Digestive System Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Nervous System A major regulatory system that detects sensation and controls movements, physiologic processes and intellectual functions Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Endocrine System A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions Glands such as pituitary that secretes hormones

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Cardiovascular System Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body T. Heart, blood vessels and blood

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Urinary System Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance. Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Female Reproductive System Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands and associated structures

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Human Body

Male Reproductive System Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors Testes, accessory stuctures, ducts and penis

Characteristics of Life
Organization- is the condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions Metabolism- is the ability to use energy to perform vital functions Responsiveness- is the ability of an organism to sense changes the environments and make the adjustments that help maintain its life Growth- results in an increase in size of all part of the organism Development- changes an organism undergoes through time Reproduction- is the formation of new cells or new organisms

Homeostasis
Is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body Set point- an ideal normal value

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Maintains homeostasis. Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is negated or resisted

Components of Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Receptor- monitors or senses the value of a variable such as blood pressure Control center- such part of the brain, establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained Effector- such as the heart can change the value of the variable

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals. Positive implies that when a deviation from a normal value occurs, the response of the system is to make the deviation even greater. Positive feedback therefore usually creates a cycle leading away from homeostasis and in some cases results in death. E.g. Inadequate delivery of blood to cardiac muscle

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

However, a few positive feedback mechanisms do operate in the body under normal conditions E.g. Birth

Terminologies and the Body Plan

Anatomic position- refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward Supine- Lying face upward Prone- Lying face downward

Directional Term
Describe parts of the body relative to each other Right and left are retained Up= superior Down= inferior Front= anterior (which goes before) Back= posterior (which follows) Ventral= belly Dorsal= back Proximal= nearest Distal= farthest or distant Medial= towards the midline Lateral= away from the midline Superficial= close to the surface Deep= toward interior of the body

Body Parts and Regions

Upper limb Arm- extends from the shoulder to the elbow Forearm- extends from the elbow to the wrist Thigh- hip to the knee Leg- knee to the ankle Central region (head, neck and trunk) Trunk is divided into thorax (chest) and abdomen (region between the thorax and pelvis) Pelvis- inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips

Body Parts and Regions

Abdomen is subdivided superficially into four quadrants right upper, left upper, right lower and left lower and nine regions

Body Parts and Regions

Planes
Sagittal plane- runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left part Median plane- sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal left and right halves Transverse or horizontal plane- runs parallel to the surface of the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior parts Frontal or coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Planes

Sections
Longitudinal section- a cut through the long axis of the organ Transvers or cross section- a cut at a right angle to the long axis Oblique section- a cut made across the long axis at other than a right angle

Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity- is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the mascular diaphragm and divided into right and left part by median structure called mediastinum Abdominal cavity- bounded primarily by the abdomen muscles and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys Pelvic cavity- is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs. The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity.

Body Cavities

Serous Membranes
It lines the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities Pericardial cavity- surrounds the heart Pleural cavity- surrounds the lungs Peritoneal cavity- a cavity lined with serous membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity

Serous Membranes

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