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Protein: Amino Acids

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Amino Acids

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Amino Acids
Nonessential amino acids a.k.a dispensable amino acids
Essential amino acids a.k.a indispensable amino acids Conditionally essential amino acids
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An Essential Amino Acid

Nonessential Amino Acids

Proteins
Peptide bond

Proteins
Dipeptide

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Proteins
Tripeptide

Proteins
Polypeptide

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Proteins
Amino acid sequences

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Protein shape and function

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Proteins
Protein denaturation

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Protein Digestion
Stomach HCl Pepsinogen pepsin Proenzyme

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Protein Digestion
Small intestine Proteases Intestinal and pancreatic Peptidases

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Protein Digestion in the GI Tract

Protein Absorption
Carriers
Capillaries Absorption misconceptions
Enzyme/amino acid supplements

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Protein Synthesis
Delivering the instructions DNA mRNA

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Protein Synthesis

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Protein Synthesis

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Protein Synthesis

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Protein Synthesis
Sequencing errors

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Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Protein Synthesis
Nutrients and gene expression

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Roles of Proteins
Building material Growth Maintenance

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Roles of Proteins
Enzymes

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Roles of Proteins
Hormones

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Roles of Proteins
Regulation of fluid balance Edema
Acid-base regulation Acidosis Alkalosis

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Transport Proteins

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Roles of Proteins
Immunity Antibodies Antigens

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Roles of Proteins
Source of energy
Other roles

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Protein Metabolism
Protein turnover Amino acid pool
Nitrogen balance Positive nitrogen balance Negative nitrogen balance

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Protein Metabolism
Using amino acids to make proteins
Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids

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Protein Metabolism
Using amino acids to make other compounds Neurotransmitters
Using amino acids for energy and glucose

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Protein Metabolism
Deamination
Using amino acids to make fat

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Protein Quality
High-quality proteins
Digestibility Animal vs. plant

Amino acid composition Limiting amino acid


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Protein Quality
Reference protein
Complementary proteins

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Protein Quality
PDCAAS Protein digestibilitycorrected amino acid score

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Food Labels
Quantity of protein Daily Value 50 g protein 10% of a 2000 kcal diet

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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)


Acute PEM Chronic PEM

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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)


Marasmus Kwashiorkor

Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix

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Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)


Infections Dysentery Rehabilitation

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Health Effects
Heart disease
Cancer Adult bone loss osteoporosis

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Health Effects
Weight control
Kidney disease

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Recommended Intakes
RDA 0.8 g/kg/day 10% - 35% of energy intake

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Recommended Intakes
Adequate intake Protein in abundance

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Supplements
Protein supplements
Amino acid supplements

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Vegetarian Diets

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Vegetarian Diets
Health benefits

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Vegetarian Diets
Diet planning Protein Lacto-ovo-vegetarians Meat replacements Texturized vegetable protein

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Vegetarian Diets
Vitamins and minerals Lactovegetarians Vegans

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Vegetarian Diets
Omega-3 fatty acids

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Vegetarian Diets
Vegetarian diets through the life span Pregnancy and lactation Infancy Childhood and adolescence

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Vegetarian Diets
Healthy food choices Macrobiotic diets

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