Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
S.S. Nayak
Introduction
What is diamond?
• Diamond is a form of carbon crystallising in cubic system.
• It is the hardest naturally occurring substance on the
earth.
• Among the gemstones diamond reigns supreme as it is the
most lasting and valuable by virtue of its exceptional
physical (extreme hardness), optical (high
refractive index and dispersion) and chemical
(resistance to acids) properties.
• Diamond is referred to as ‘King Gem’ an emblem of
fearlessness.
• The name diamond owes its derivation to the French word
diamant.
Where do we find diamonds?
Diamond occurs in economic quantities in two environments
• A special variety of rare igneous rocks known as
kimberlites and lamproites, which constitute the primary
host rocks on the surface of the earth
• Conglomerates and gravels which form the secondary host
rocks.
• Picritic dykes, ultramafic lamprophyres, carbonatite, alkali
olivine basalt, peridotites, meta-dunites and meteorites,
ultra high pressure metamorphic rocks – of academic value
• The kimberlites and lamproites were emplaced during
different geological times the peak of emplacement event
being during the Upper Proterozoic and Cretaceous.
• Some of the oldest secondary occurrences include the
Witwatersrand conglomerate (2.7 Ga) in S. Africa and
Tarkwian conglomerate (2 Ga) in Ghana.
World Diamond Production (million carats)
Country 2000 2001 2002
Angola 6 5.1 6
Australia 26.7 23.8 33.6
Botswana 24.6 25.1 28.4
Brazil 0.9 1 0.7
Canada 2 2.6 3.7
Central Africa Republic 0.5 0.48 0.5
China 1.1 1.18 1.19
Congo 17.5 18.2 18.2
Ivory Coast 0.3 0.3 0.25
Ghana 0.88 0.87 0.96
Guinea 0.55 0.36 0.37
Liberia 0.2 0.17 0.2
Namibia 1.6 1.49 1.35
Russia 23.2 23.2 23
Sierra Leone 0.6 0.6 0.6
South Africa 10.78 11.77 10.88
Tanzania 0.09 0.03 0.02
Venezuela 0.1 0.12 0.05
Zimbabwe 0.02 0.05 —
Others 0.40 0.27 0.09
Totals 118 117 130
India 0.1
INDIAN DIAMOND SCENARIO
Emerged as the fastest growing jewellery exporter in the world
Average growth of nearly 40% each year over the last decade
Grown from $ 28 million in 1960s to $ 9.1 billion in 2002-03
Diamond accounts for 80% of the total exports with gold
jewellery contributing 16%
Established as the world’s largest manufacturing centre
Erasmus Jacobs
Illicit
diamond
mining
operations
in western
Africa
DIAMOND IN SOUTH AMERICA
Paritala
“These diamonds are the first found in
Mallavelli
India in a Kingdom of Morres, named
Deccan, from whence they are brought
to other regions”
Uertomannus, Italian Traveller (~ADMatanga
1503)
Jonnagiri
Banganapalle
Wajrakarur
Basavapur
Srikantakam (Vedaparvata)
Central
and
Eastern India
Panna
Madhyamarastrakam/Tajjamarastrakam
(Kosala country)(Vindhya Pradesh) Somelpur Paundra?
(Vidharbha Region)
Wairagarh
IndravanKalinga
Indravankam
Map Showing
Ancient
Diamond Mines
CRITERIA FOR DIAMOND CONCENTRATION
Raichur
Kurnool
Krishna River, Kolluru – Chandralapadu Area
SATELLITE IMAGERY OF ALLUVIAL DIAMOND
MINING AREAS ALONG KRISHNA RIVER
River Bed Gravel,
Kolluru Area
Excavation for Diamondiferous Gravel, Veladikottapalem Area
K
R
I
S
H
N
A
R
I
V
E
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Potholes,
Krishna River Bed
Krishna Gravels
Kolluru – The Home of Historic & Famous Diamonds
n d
o
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a s,
t D ing rea
i e n rk A
n c o ru
A Wollu
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Ancient Workings, Kolluru Area
PARITALA MINE
KRISHNA RIVER GRAVELS
Processed Dumps,
Kolluru Area
Washing Tank,
Mallavaram Area
Processed Dumps
T3 Gravels,
Ustapalle – Kolluru Area
ANCIENT TOMBS, KOLLURU AREA
MENHEIR – AN ANCIENT TOMB
KOLLURU AREA
nt
a
Pl
n g
si
ces
r o
l P
ve
a
Gr
Penner River Gravels
Processed Dumps,
Chennuru Area
Sagileru River Gravels
DIAMONDS FROM ANDHRA PRADESH
PANNA DIAMOND BELT
The Panna Diamond Belt encompasses an area of 1000 sq km.
And extends from near Majhgawan in the west to Jhanda in
the east over a strike length of about 60 km and width of
about 30 km
Source Rocks:
Primary: Kimberlite (Lamproite) at Majhgawan
Secondary:
A. Conglomerates: Itwa Conglomerate
Jhiri Conglomerate
Gahadra Conglomerate
B. Alluvial
C. Lateritic gravel
DIAMONDIFEROUS GRAVELS, BAGAIN RIVER,
PANNA AREA
PRESENT DAY ALLUVIAL
DIAMOND WORKINGS,
BAGAIN RIVER, PANNA AREA