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Ibrahim Sameer (MBA - Specialized in Finance, B.

Com Specialized in Accounting & Marketing)

Types of Data
Data may be classified as follows:
Primary Secondary Discrete Continuous

Types of Data
Primary data are data collected especially for a

specific purpose. Raw data are primary data which have not been processed at all, and which are still just a list of numbers.
For Eg: Telephone survey conduct by Dhiraagu to

monitor the effectiveness of the customer service.

Types of Data
Secondary data are data which have already been

collected elsewhere, for some other purpose, but which can be used or adapted for the survey being conducted.
Eg: Annual Statistics published by Department of

National Planning in the Maldives.

Types of Data
Discrete data are data which can only taken on a

finite or countable number of values within a given range.


For example goals scored by Arsenal against Chelsea in

the FA cup final: Arsenal could score 0,1,2,3 or even 4

but they cannot score 1 or 2 goals.

Types of Data
Continuous data are data which can take on any

values. They are measured rather than counted.


For example the heights of all members of your family,

as these can take on any value 1.542m, 1.696m, and 1.923m

Types of Data

Sources of Data
Data may be obtained from an internal sources or an

external sources.
Internal data include such as accounting information,

data relating to employees, much data will be produced by a production department.

Sources of Data
External data come in two form that is primary and

secondary data.

Sources of Data
The main source of secondary data are: government,

banks, newspapers, trade journals, information bureaux, consultancies, libraries and information service.

Sampling
Data are often collected from a sample rather than

from a population. If the whole population is examined, the survey is called census.

Sampling method
A probability sampling method is a sampling method

in which there is a known chance of each memember of the population appearing in the sample.

Sampling method
Probability sampling methods include the following:
Random Stratified random Systematic Multistage Cluster

Sampling method
Random sampling
A simple random sample is a sample selected in such a

way that every item in the population has an equal chance of being included.

Sampling method
Sampling frames
If random sampling is used then it is necessary to

construct a sampling frame.


A sampling frame is a numbered list of all items in a

population. Sampling frame is required in Random,

Stratified random, Systematic, Multistage & Cluster


sampling.

Sampling method
Drawback of Random sampling
An adequate sampling frame might not exist. It might be costly to obtain the data if the selected

items cover a wide range.

Sampling method
Stratified random sampling
Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling

which involves dividing the population into strata or categories. Random samples are then taken from each stratum or category.

Sampling method
Advantages of Stratified random sampling
The samples selected will be representative. The structure of the sample will reflect that of the

population.
Precision is increased.

Sampling method
Disadvantages of Stratified random sampling
Required prior knowledge of each item in the

population.

Sampling method
Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is a sampling method which

works by selecting every nth item after a random


start.

Sampling method
Advantages of Systematic sampling
It is easy to use

It is cheap

Sampling method
Disadvantages of Systematic sampling
It is possible that a biased sample might be chosen if

there is a regular pattern to the population which


coincides with the sampling method.
It is not completely random since some items have a

zero chance of being selected.

Sampling method
Multistage sampling
Multistage sampling is a probability sampling method

which involves dividing the population into a


number of sub-populations and then selecting a small sample of these sub-population at random.

Sampling method
Advantages of Multistage sampling
Fewer investigators are needed.

It is not so costly to obtain a sample.

Sampling method
Disadvantages of Multistage sampling
Possibility of bias

This method is not truly random.

Sampling method
Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling is a non random sampling method

that involves selecting one definable subsection of


the population as the sample, the subsection taken to be representative of the population in question.

Sampling method
For eg: the pupils of one school might be taken as a

cluster sample of all children at school in one country.

Sampling method
Advantages of Cluster sampling
It is a good alternative to multistage sampling if a

satisfactory sampling frame does not exist.


It is inexpensive to operate.

Sampling method
Disadvantages of Cluster sampling
There is potential for considerable bias.

Sampling method
Non probability sampling method
A non probability sampling method is a sampling

method in which the chance of each member of the


population appearing in the sample is not known.

Sampling method
Quota sampling
In quota sampling, randomness is forfeited in the

interest

of

cheapness

and

administrative

simplicity. Investigators are told to interview all the people they meet up to a certain quota.

Sampling method
Advantages of Quota sampling
It is cheap and administratively easy

A much larger sample can be studied


No sampling frame is necessary It yield enough accurate information

Sampling method
Disadvantages of Quota sampling
Bias

Sampling error

Q&A

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