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Types of Data
Data may be classified as follows:
Primary Secondary Discrete Continuous
Types of Data
Primary data are data collected especially for a
specific purpose. Raw data are primary data which have not been processed at all, and which are still just a list of numbers.
For Eg: Telephone survey conduct by Dhiraagu to
Types of Data
Secondary data are data which have already been
collected elsewhere, for some other purpose, but which can be used or adapted for the survey being conducted.
Eg: Annual Statistics published by Department of
Types of Data
Discrete data are data which can only taken on a
Types of Data
Continuous data are data which can take on any
Types of Data
Sources of Data
Data may be obtained from an internal sources or an
external sources.
Internal data include such as accounting information,
Sources of Data
External data come in two form that is primary and
secondary data.
Sources of Data
The main source of secondary data are: government,
banks, newspapers, trade journals, information bureaux, consultancies, libraries and information service.
Sampling
Data are often collected from a sample rather than
from a population. If the whole population is examined, the survey is called census.
Sampling method
A probability sampling method is a sampling method
in which there is a known chance of each memember of the population appearing in the sample.
Sampling method
Probability sampling methods include the following:
Random Stratified random Systematic Multistage Cluster
Sampling method
Random sampling
A simple random sample is a sample selected in such a
way that every item in the population has an equal chance of being included.
Sampling method
Sampling frames
If random sampling is used then it is necessary to
Sampling method
Drawback of Random sampling
An adequate sampling frame might not exist. It might be costly to obtain the data if the selected
Sampling method
Stratified random sampling
Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling
which involves dividing the population into strata or categories. Random samples are then taken from each stratum or category.
Sampling method
Advantages of Stratified random sampling
The samples selected will be representative. The structure of the sample will reflect that of the
population.
Precision is increased.
Sampling method
Disadvantages of Stratified random sampling
Required prior knowledge of each item in the
population.
Sampling method
Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is a sampling method which
Sampling method
Advantages of Systematic sampling
It is easy to use
It is cheap
Sampling method
Disadvantages of Systematic sampling
It is possible that a biased sample might be chosen if
Sampling method
Multistage sampling
Multistage sampling is a probability sampling method
Sampling method
Advantages of Multistage sampling
Fewer investigators are needed.
Sampling method
Disadvantages of Multistage sampling
Possibility of bias
Sampling method
Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling is a non random sampling method
Sampling method
For eg: the pupils of one school might be taken as a
Sampling method
Advantages of Cluster sampling
It is a good alternative to multistage sampling if a
Sampling method
Disadvantages of Cluster sampling
There is potential for considerable bias.
Sampling method
Non probability sampling method
A non probability sampling method is a sampling
Sampling method
Quota sampling
In quota sampling, randomness is forfeited in the
interest
of
cheapness
and
administrative
simplicity. Investigators are told to interview all the people they meet up to a certain quota.
Sampling method
Advantages of Quota sampling
It is cheap and administratively easy
Sampling method
Disadvantages of Quota sampling
Bias
Sampling error
Q&A