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GSM Basic

Objective

At the end of this course, you will be able to:


Understand GSM system architecture and function State GSM common events Describe basic calling process

Content

GSM System Overview GSM Common Events Basic Calling Process

Mobile Telecommunication Technology Evolution


1G Analog 2G Digital 3G IMT-2000

AMPS
Market Driving

GSM CDMA IS95 TDMA IS-136 PDC UMTS WCDMA


Market Driving

TACS
NMT Others

CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA

GSM History

Technology Development 2000China Mobile 400 million subscribers Competitio n Custome r Demand

1994GSM enter into China

3 2

1991GSM system launched commercially

1989GSM Standard Take effect

Development of mobile communication system

UMTS

2002
1M

2M

Video

EDGE 2001 GPRS 2000 GSM


1999
10 k

l A

a w

s y
115 k

n o

High quality

384 k

Mobile Office
Graphics Medium quality

56 k Voice Messaging SMS

text

Bit/s

1k

The way to 3G

Meaning of GSM

GSM: Group Special Mobile

GSM: Global System for Mobile

GSM specification

Field 1: General Field 2: Services Field 3: Network Functions Field 4: MS-BS Interfaces and Protocols Field 5: Physical Layer on Radio Path Field 6: Speech Coding

GSM specification

Field 7: MS Terminal Adaptor Field 8: BS-MSC Interface Field 9: Network Inter-working Field 10: Service Inter-working Field 11: Equipment and Model Acceptance Specification Field 12: Operation and Maintenance

GSM Network development

1982: The group special mobile 1986: On-site test 1987: TDMA, RPE-LTP, GMSK 1988: MOU 1989: GSM took effect 1991: First GSM network was deployed 1992: GSM standard was frozen 1993: GSM phase 2 complete 1994: GSM phase 2+ for mobile data service

GSM system architecture


MS
MS

(Mobile Station)

BTS

BSS (Base Station System)


BSC
PSTN, ISDN...

MSC

Voicemail Server SM-SC VLR


OMC

NSS
HLR AuC
OMC

(Network Switching Subsystem)

EIR

NMC

OMS (Operations & Maintenance GSM interfaces Management) X.25 links

GSM network entities


MS

(Mobile Station)

Mobile Equipment
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

BTS

(Base Transceiver Station) (Base Station Controller)

Provide radio channels

BSC

Radio resource management Transcoder

GSM network entities


HLR

(Home Location Register)


Subscriber data Subscriber location info.

Database

VLR (Visitor Location Register)


Database
MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification) Location area codeLAC Subscriber data related to supplementary service

GSM network entities


MSC

(Mobile service Switching center) (Authenticate Center) :

Circuit switching

AUC

Authenticate subscriber access

EIR

(mobile station Equipment Identity Register) :

Identify terminal equipment

OMC

(Operation and Maintenance Center)

Provide MMI to control and monitor system

GSM service area


GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area MSC Service Area
Location Area

Cell

GSM interfaces

G VLR Sm Um Abis A B D MS BTS BSC MSC E C HLR F EIR MSC VLR

GSM operation band

SYSTEM
Frequencies - Uplink - Downlink Wavelength Bandwidth Duplex Distance Carrier Separation Radio Channels

P-GSM 900
890 - 915 MHz 935 - 960 MHz ~33 cm 25 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 125

E-GSM 900
880 - 915 MHz 925 - 960 MHz ~33 cm 35 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 175

GSM 1800
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz ~17 cm 75 MHz 95 MHz 200 kHz 375

GSM 1900
1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz ~16 cm 60 MHz 80 MHz 200 kHz 300

Absolute radio frequency channel NumberARFCN

GSM900

Fu (n) = 890 + 0.2n MHz Fd (n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz01 n 124 Fu (n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) MHz Fd (n) = Fu(n) + 95 MHz512 n 885

GSM1800

Multiple Access Technology (MAT)

Many subscribers share common telecommunication lines without interference to each other.
MAT

FDMA TDMA

CDMA

GSM

FDMA

FDMA

Identify by frequency

Time

FDMA

Frequency

TDMA

TDMA

Identify by time

Time TDMA

Frequency

CDMA

CDMA

Identify by code

Time CDMA Code

Frequency

Content

GSM System Overview GSM Common Events Basic Calling Process

Subscriber status

IMSI Attach

IMSI Detach

MS busy

Location Update
HLR

Originated by MS Location info stored in SIM MS monitor system infooriginate location update once the new LAC is different from that in SIM

MSC (old)

MSC (new)
VLR

VLR

Location Update

Location Update

Type

Power on

ON
M SC

IMSI ATTACH/DETACH Location register MS power on/off

VL R

LA 1

LA 2

Normal location update

MS change LA

Periodic location update

Operator decide the period (timer) Location update when time out

Handover
Handover: Hand-over is a process that transfers a MS that is in setting
up or busy status to a new traffic channel

Why need handover


Keep and save the call in progress Improve network service quality

Decrease call drop rate

Decrease congestion rate

Who will be involved

MSBTSBSCMSC

MSmeasure downlink radio signal level

BTSmeasure uplink radio signal level and quality and send the results to BSC
BSCevaluate and decision of HO MSC routes the call to the other MSC during Inter-MSC HO

Handover classification

Reason:
PBGT Signal level

TA:
Synchronous Asynchronous

Signal quality
Distance Traffic

Position:
Intra-cell
Inter-cell Intra-BSC Inter-BSC

Inter-MSC

Cell selection and Reselection

After a MS is turned on, it will attempt to contact a common GSM PLMN, so the MS will select an appropriate cell, and extract from it the parameters of the control channel.

MS change its service cell in IDLE state

Authentication and Encryption

Triplet

RAND: the question asked by the network side Ki: stored in the SIM card and AUC in a very confidential way SRES: signed response. It is obtained through the calculation of subscribers unique key parameter Ki.

Authentication process

Execute authentication when

MS registersetup calllocation update and active/deactivate supplementary service It is optional A3 algorithm Mobile Terminal Network
Random number generator Ki RAND Ki A3 algorithm A3 algorithm

SRES' SRES

Encryption process

Kc: Encryption key 64-bits (A8 algorithm) A5 algorithm (exclusive or) It is optional.
Frame No. Kc (64-bit) (22-bit) Frame No. Kc (64-bit) (22-bit)

Mobile Terminal

Network

Ki

Random number generator RAND Ki A8 algorithm A8 algorithm

A5
S1 (114-bit) S2 (114-bit) S1 (114-bit)

A5
S2 (114-bit)

Kc

Kc

MS

BTS

Content

GSM System Overview GSM Common Events Basic Calling Process

Initialization
Initialization is a random access process
MS Ch request (RACH) TA, access reason ACTSDCCH BTS BSC

ACT ACKSDCCH
Imm Assign SDCCHAGCH Imm Assign SDCCHAGCH

Initial messageSDCCH

Location update process

(1) MS moves from one BTS to another BTS (2) Learn to the broadcasting information

(3)(4) MS sends the LU request to MSC-A.


(5) MSC-A sends the LU message to HLR (6) HLR sends back subscriber data. (7)(8) Subscriber data registration in the VLR. (9) Sending LU response message

(10) Notifying the original VLR to delete subscriber data.

Outgoing call from MS to PSTN


(1) Random access channel.
(2) Set up signaling connection between MS and MSC. (3) Authentication and encryption and enter the call setup starting phase. (4) Service channel allocation (5) Send ringing to the called subscriber, and send back the call connection acknowledgment signal to MS. (6)The called subscriber offhooks to reply, in which case a response (connection) message is sent to MS, thus entering the ultimate call session phase.

Incoming call from PSTN to MS


(1) Send MSISDN number to GMSC (2) Requests HLR for the MSC address

(3) HLR requests VLR to assign MSRN


(4) GMSC re-search for routes to set up connection to the visited MSC by MSRN. (5)(6) MSC obtains related subscriber data (7)(8) MSC sends paging messages

(9)(10) The MS sends back the paging


response messages, then carries out the same steps of (1), (2), (3), (4) as shown in the above outgoing call flow till the mobile station rings.

(11) The mobile subscriber offhooks to answer,


thus the response (connection) message is sent back to the fixed network

MS to MS call

(1) MS1 dials the phone number of MS2. BSS informs MSC1 of the call. (2) MSC1 analyzes the phone number of MS2, finds out the HLR of MS2 and sends the route application to HLR. (3) HLR queries the current location information of MS2 and obtains MSRN from the MSC2/VLR2. (4) MSC2/VLR2 allocates the route information, that is, MSRN and submits the MSRN to the HLR. (5) HLR sends the MSRN to the MSC1. (6) MSC2 sets up the call with MSC2 according to the MSRN. (7) MSC2/VLR2 sends the paging message to MS2. (8) MSC2/VLR2 receives the message, indicating the access of MS2 is allowed. (9) The call between MSC2 and MSC1 is set up. (10) MSC1 sends the successful connection signal to MS1. MS1 and MS2 can talk over the phone.

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