Energy Environment

Energy

Environment Building

Building

ARCHITECTURE

Environment Building Energy Energy Building Environment

Building

Energy

PRINSIP RANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR

Melindungi dari cuaca Pergunakan aliran udara alamiah untuk pendingin orientasi bangunan Pertimbangkan sudut kritis sinar matahari maksimalkan bayangan Integrasi dengan lansekap Penataan ruang dalam merespon micro climate Penataan antar bangunan untuk mengatur aliran udara Kembangkan ruang terbuka hijau Rancang untuk ventilasi alamiah Pergunakan overstek untuk mengarahkan aliran udara Pergunakan bukaan dan bahan finishing untuk memantulkan sinar matahari Rancang canopy untuk memperoleh bayangan dan pelindung Buat selasar pejalan kaki antar bangunan yang terlindung Usahakan ada ruang di luar bangunan untuk aktivitas/tempat berkumpul Integrasikan dengan halte bus dan fasilitas umum lainnya Gunakan bentuk atap untuk menangkap energi surya solar cel Pertimbangkan bentuk bangunan (memanjang, dengan podium, selasar, dll)

The biggest source of emissions and energy consumption both in this country and around the globe: buildings.

The Building Sector, as the major U.S. and global source of demand for energy and materials that produce by-product greenhouse gases, is poised to fuel the world's rush toward climate change.

Architects know that buildings can be designed to operate with less than half the energy of today's average U.S. buildings at little or no additional cost.

By the year 2035, three quarters of the built environment in the U.S. will be either new or renovated.

Edward Mazria AIA founder on Architecture 2030 www.architeture2030.org

AIA Architects and Climate Change

GHG Emission Reduction Potential

Potensi Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca

Source : IPCC assessment of emission reduction potential in different sectors depending on the carbon market price

Kyoto Protocol IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development EIT Countries with Economics in Transition GHG GlassHouse Gas

Energy Usage in Buildings

Penggunaan Energi dalam Bangunan
Buildings are responsible for one-third of energy related GHG emissions. Each new building constructed in a energy-wasting manner locks us into high climate-damaging footprints for many decades, so action now is important. Cost-effective mitigation solutions already exist and available world-wide; technologies and know-how are easily accessible to architects and engineers.

IPCC

Energy Usage in Buildings

Penggunaan Energi dalam Bangunan

Energy Usage in Buildings

Penggunaan Energi dalam Bangunan

Greenship Rating
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Efisiensi dan Konservasi Energi

RATING CATEGORY Prerequisite 1 Prerequisite 2 EEC 1 EEC 2 EEC 3 EEC 4 EEC 5

CRITERIA Electrical Sub Metering OTTV Calculation Energy Efficiency Measure Natural Lighting Ventilation Climate Change Impact On Site Renewable Energy TOTAL

POINT P P 20 4 1 1 5 26

Greenship Rating
BUILDING ENVELOPE: Persyaratan spesifik dalam GBCIndonesia untuk Bangunan Baru (New Building) Prasyarat (Prerequisite)

Adanya Perhitungan OTTV berdasarkan SNI 03-6389-2000 tentang OTTV Selubung Bangunan
ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES Opsi 3-1 Setiap pengurangan 3 W/m2 dari standard minimum OTTV
standard minimum OTTV menurut SNI 03-6389-2000 adalah 45 W/m2

Building Envelope

Building Envelope

TEORI

Thermal Resistance

Heat energy flows from a hot object to a cooler object. Whenever there is a temperature gradient, heat transfer will always occur. It can never be stopped, and it can only be slowed.
temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location

TEORI

Three Types of Heat Transfer

1. Conduction
transferred by contact naturally or forced transferred by density currents and fluid motion

2. Convection

3. Radiation
transferred by electromagnetic waves
Courtesy MGBC

TEORI

Solar radiation and glazing

INFRARED : not visible; wavelength greater than 750 nanometers

Long Wave Energy

ULTRAVIOLET : not visible; wavelength less than 390 nanometers Short Wave Energy

VISIBLE : visible to the human eye; wavelength between 390 and 750 nanometers.

TEORI

Solar radiation and glazing

SOLAR RADIATION : Absorbed Transmitted Reflected
absorbed

OUTSIDE
reflected

INSIDE

transmitted

TEORI

OTTV = (Qw +Qg + Q sol)/Ai

OTTV in specific orientation [Watt/m2] Qw Qg Qsol Ai = heat conduction through solid wall = windows heat conduction = sun radiation = total window area and solid wall

TEORI

Thermal Resistance
OTTV = ( Qw
OTTV = Heat Conduction through Walls

+ Qg
+

Qsol ) / Ai
+
Solar Heat Gain through Glass (windows)
< 45 W/m2

Heat Conduction through Glass (windows)

OTTV = ((Aw*Uw*TDeq) + (Ag*Uf*T) + (Ag*SC*SF)) Ai

OTTV = ((1-WWR)*Uw)*TDeq) + (WWR*Uf*T) + (WWR*SC*SF)
SNI 03-6389-2000

TEORI

OTTV = ((Aw*Uw*TDeq) + (Af*Uf*T) + (Af*SC*SF)) Ai

Aw Uw Tdeq Af Uf T
SC SF Ai

= Luas dinding tak tembus cahaya = transmitansi termal dinding tak tembus cahaya [W/m2K] = beda temperatur ekuivalen [K] = Luas dinding tembus cahaya = transmitansi termal fenestrasi (W/m2K) = beda temperatur perencanaan antara bagian luar dan bagian dalam (diambil 5 K) = koeffisien peneduh dari sistem fenestrasi = faktor radiasi matahari (W/m2) = total luas jendela dan dinding padat

TEORI

OTTV = ((1-WWR)*Uw)*TDeq) + (WWR*Uf*T) + (WWR*SC*SF) Uw Tdeq WWR Uf T SC SF

= absorbsi radiasi matahari = transmitansi termal dinding tak tembus cahaya [W/m2K] = beda temperatur ekuivalen [K] = Windows to Wall ratio = transmitansi termal dinding tembus cahaya [W/m2K] = beda temperatur perencanaan antara bagian luar dan bagian dalam (diambil 5 K) = koeffisien peneduh dari sistem fenestrasi = faktor radiasi matahari (W/m2)

The OTTV of whole building envelope is given by the formula:

Where,
A01 is the gross exterior wall area for orientation 1; OTTV01 is the OTTV value for orientation 1; OTTV for the whole building <45 W/m2

SNI 03-6389-2000

Conduction through Wall

Q = ((1-WWR)*Uw)*TDeq)

where

= Solar Absorption = Colour of walls

and WWR = Window-to-Wall Ratio

and Uw

= U-value of the wall [W/m2K]

Tdeq = Temperature difference equivalent [K]

 Absorbtivity of Sun Radiation

Absorbsi permukaan yang dicat adalah ratarata dari absobsi bahan dinding dan cat

= (bahan + cat)/2

Uw Solid Wall Thermal Transmitance

R = t/k dan U =1/Ri

t k R

: Tebal bahan : Konduktan Elemen Bangunan : Konduktan bahan

TDEK Equivalent Temperature Difference for Solid Wall

The World in the 2050s, assuming Business as Usual

Conduction through Glass

Q = WWR*Uf*T

WWR = Windows to Wall ratio

Uf = transmitansi termal fenestrasi (W/m2K)

= beda temperatur perencanaan antara bagian luar dan bagian dalam (diambil 5 K)

Radiation through Glass

Q = WWR*SC*SF
WWR = Windows to Wall ratio SC SF = koeffisien peneduh dari sistem fenestrasi = faktor radiasi matahari (W/m2)

SC Koeffisien Peneduh dari Sistem Fenestrasi

SCK Shading Coefficient of Glass

Glazing type
Single glazed clear

U-values
5.7 to 6.2

Single glazed clear with Low-E

Laminated clear / PVB / clear Laminated clear w Low-E / PVB / clear Double glazed clear / air / clear Double glazed clear w Low-E / air / clear

4.0 to 4.4
4.5 to 5.5 4.2 to 5.3 2.6 to 2.9 1.2 to 1.8

SCeff Sunshades

Sirip Penahan Sinar Matahari

Horizontal / Vertical Shading

Background
SF - Faktor Radiasi Matahari

SC Koeffisien Peneduh dari Sistem Fenestrasi

OTTV and ETTV

Overall Thermal Transfer Value SNI 03-6389-2000: OTTV = ((1-WWR)*Uw)*TDeq) + (WWR*Uf*T) + (WWR*SC*SF)

MS1525 :2007 Clause 5.2.2

CONTOH PERHITUNGAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2

13

13

U-Value Analysis: Thermal Conducticvity (W/mk) 1 External Surface 2 Extternal wall plaster 3 Brickwall 4 Internal wall plaster 5 Internal surface, Total R U-Value (1/R) 13 mm thick 110 mm thick 13 mm thick 0.570 0.770 0.570 Thermal Resistance - R (m2k/W)

U-Value of Glass: Ayiya monolithic 6 mm thick dark grey tinted: Assumed: 0.040 0.023 0.143 0.023 0.130 0.358 2.790 W/m2k R1 = 0.20 U= 5.00

110

1200

Horizontal Shading Devices R2 = x/y = 0.40 x =1200

OUTSIDE
1000 1000

Vertical Shading Devices R2 = x/y = 0.60 x = 1000

600

3000

y = 3000

y = 600

3600

INSIDE
3000

SECTION

PLAN VIEW

ELEVATION LOW RISE BUILDING: (9 storeys) North (110 mm thick brickwall) North East (110 mm thick brickwall) East (110 mm thick brickwall) South (110 mm thick brickwall) South West (110 mm thick brickwall) West (110 mm thick brickwall) North West (110 mm thick brickwall)

SHADDING COEFFICIENT R1 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 SC1 0.770 0.770 0.770 0.770 0.790 0.790 0.790 R2 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 SC2 0.770 0.770 0.820 0.770 0.790 0.810 0.790 SC1 X SC2 0.593 0.593 0.631 0.593 0.624 0.640 0.624

CONTOH PERHITUNGAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MS1525:2007 Clause 5.2.2

FAADE NO ELEVATION LOW RISE BUILDING: (9 storeys) North (110 mm thick brickwall) North East (110 mm thick brickwall) East (110 mm thick brickwall) South (110 mm thick brickwall) South West (110 mm thick brickwall) West (110 mm thick brickwall) North West (110 mm thick brickwall) LOW RISE BUILDING: (9 storeys) 1,162.70 875.80 332.20 1,087.20 1,026.80 347.30 271.80 5,103.80 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 AREA (A) m
2

SOLAR CONSTANT ABSORPTION FACTOR ( ) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

TOTAL OPENING AREA (m ) 702 522 180 594 565 144 124
2

WINDOW TO WALL RATIO (WWR) 0.604 0.596 0.542 0.546 0.550 0.415 0.456 0.396 0.404 0.458 0.454 0.450 0.585 0.544 (1-WWR)

U-VALUE ORIENTATION W/m2k (Uv) 2.790 2.790 2.790 2.790 2.790 2.790 2.790 CORRECTION FACTOR (CF) 0.90 1.09 1.23 0.92 0.90 0.94 0.90

SHADDING COEF. SC=SC1XSC2 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 4.145 4.226 4.793 4.746 4.705 6.124 5.689 34.426 4,819.43 3,701.13 1,592.18 5,159.41 4,830.93 2,126.74 1,546.15 23,775.97 21,060.00 15,660.00 5,400.00 17,820.00 16,950.00 4,320.00 3,720.00 84,930.00 72,671.28 65,445.56 27,119.64 62,857.55 61,566.84 16,803.67 13,512.01 319,976.56 428682.526 W/m2 0TTV A X OTTV

H T C W l

H T C W i n

North (110 mm thick brickwall) North East (110 mm thick brickwall) East (110 mm thick brickwall) South (110 mm thick brickwall) South West (110 mm thick brickwall) West (110 mm thick brickwall) North West (110 mm thick brickwall) LOW RISE BUILDING: (9 storeys)

1,162.70 875.80 332.20 1,087.20 1,026.80 347.30 271.80 5,103.80

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

702 522 180 594 565 144 124

0.604 0.596 0.542 0.546 0.550 0.415 0.456

0.396 0.404 0.458 0.454 0.450 0.585 0.544

5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000

0.90 1.09 1.23 0.92 0.90 0.94 0.90

0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

18.113 17.881 16.255 16.391 16.508 12.439 13.687 111.273

S H G T W n

North (110 mm thick brickwall) North East (110 mm thick brickwall) East (110 mm thick brickwall) South (110 mm thick brickwall) South West (110 mm thick brickwall) West (110 mm thick brickwall) North West (110 mm thick brickwall)

1,162.70 875.80 332.20 1,087.20 1,026.80 347.30 271.80 5,103.80 5,103.80

194 194 194 194 194 194 194

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

702 522 180 594 565 144 124

0.604 0.596 0.542 0.546 0.550 0.415 0.456

0.396 0.404 0.458 0.454 0.450 0.585 0.544

2.790 2.790 2.790 2.790 2.790 2.790 2.790

0.90 1.09 1.23 0.92 0.90 0.94 0.90

0.593 0.593 0.631 0.593 0.624 0.640 0.624

62.502 74.727 81.636 57.816 59.960 48.384 49.713 434.738 580.437 Total 83.993

BEBERAPA CONTOH PERHITUNGAN OTTV DI BEBERAPA GEDUNG DI JAKARTA

OTTV & ETTV

SNI Indonesia Status OTTV standard OTTV Greenship Indonesia prerequisite OTTV Greenmark Singapura mandatory ETTV GBI Malaysia voluntary OTTV

OTTV Limit
TDeq T CF SF SCeff

45 W/m2
10/12/15 5C no Jakarta Tidak ada tabel

45 W/m2
10/12/15 5C no Jakarta Bertabel

50 W/m2
11.9C 3.37C Yes 210.9 W/m2 (average) Bertabel

45 W/m2
15C 6C Yes 194 W/m2 (average) Bertabel

The planet should not be used as a warehouse of resources to serve humanity's selfishness.
(Tim GBCI)