3G RNP Principles Nokia

NOKIA 27.10.
1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 1

3G
Radio Network
Planning Principles
Nokia Networks
Planning & IP Engineering
3G Planning Methods Development
Pekka Ranta
Presentation in 3G Planning Seminar 1999
NOKIA 27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 2
Contents
3G Highlights
Radio Network Planning Process
System Dimensioning
Link Budgets
Load Factor & Capacity calculations
CDMA Radio Access Technology
Radio Resource Management
Detailed Planning

3G Highlights
Multiservice environment
Bit rates from 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, also
variable rate
Quality classes
Error rates, 10 % FER to 10
-6
BER
Delay sensitivity, 100 ms to
seconds
Asymmetric up and downlink traffic
Common channel data traffic
Air interface
Capacity and coverage coupled via
interference margin
Neighbor cells coupled via interference
Receiver performance depends on
bit rate
environment
Soft handover
Fast power control
GSM cooperation
Use of GSM for coverage provision, handovers
Direction of traffic to GSM vs. WCDMA
Service continuity vs. differentiation
New issues in planning process
Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Parameter
Planning
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
prediction
Site
acquisition
Coverage
optimisation
Exte
Ana
Network
Configuration
and
Dimensioning
DEFINITION PLEMENTATION
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features

Identification
Adaptation
Area / Cell
specific
Handover
strategies
Maximum
network
loading
Other RRM
Network
Optimisation
O & M
Survey
measurements
Statistical
performance
analysis
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
Capacity Requirements
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality and
capacity,
per service
Multiple services
Coverage and capacity
coupling
Multiple services
Take advantage of existing GSM network
ction
Parameter
Planning
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
prediction
Site
acquisition External Interference
Analysis
Network
Configurati
and
Dimensioning
DEFINITIO ION
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features

Identification
Adaptation
Area / Cell
specific
Handover
strategies
Maximum
network
loading
Other RRM
Network
Optimisation
O & M
Survey
measurements
Statistical
performance
analysis
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
Capacit rements
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
ality and
pacity,
r service
Experience
on service usage
from GSM, with
HSCSD and GPRS
GSM 1800
propagation
measurements
GSM co-siting
GSM for
coverage
extension
System Dimensioning
Dimensioning is a very
rough first estimate for
Radio Network & IP
Core Rollout :
number of required
BSS (BS+RNC)
number of required
IP core Network
elements: SGSN,
GGSN, MSC
Evolution steps for
future expansion.
Netdim is used for
BSS part calculations,
Excel sheet is used
for IP core part
calculations
IP Networks
MS
Iu
UTRAN
BS
BS
BS
BS
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
GGSN
SCP HLR
GMSC
3G-SGSN
MSC/VLR
BSS part IP core part
PSTN/ISDN
Dimensioning Process Flow Chart
Link Budget Calculation

Radio link specifc :
- Data rate (processing gain)
- Average Eb/No
- SHO gain in dB
Equipment specifc :
- MS Power class
- MS/BS sensitvity
- Antenna gain
etc
Load factor
calculation
Propagtion specific :
- Antenna height
- BPL and BPL deviation
- Area correciton factor
- Lognormal shadowing margin
Max. allowed path loss
Cell Range Calculation

Max. Cell Range in each area type
Capacity Estimate

No. of sites / Total supported
traffic in each area type
Equipment Requirement

BS HWs / Transmission / RNC
Service specific :
- blocking rate
- Packet traffic
1st guess
of amount
of traffic
per CU
Interference
Margin
Max. trafic per CU
If fulfill the operator need
If too low capacity
Dominating factors in System Configuration
CAPACITY & COVERAGE Related
The amount of Spectrum
Service Bitrate & Busy Hour Traffic (kbits/s)
Traffic Distribution
Area Distribution
Site Configurations
Maximum UL Load
QUALITY Related
Indoor Coverage

3G Speech Coverage

WCDMA Link Budget
Speech Service Urban macrocells Urban macrocells Urban macrocells
1 % FER target Uplink Uplink Uplink
Max load 30% 50% 70%
Max. TXPower per channel [W] 0.125 0.125 0.125
As above in dBm 21.0 21.0 21.0 a
TXAntenna Gain [dB] 0.0 0.0 0.0 b
Body loss of MS in UL / Cable loss of BS in DL [dB] 2.0 2.0 2.0 c
Transmit EIRP per channel [dBm] 19.0 19.0 19.0 d = a + b - c
Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz] -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 e
Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 5.0 5.0 5.0 f
Receiver Noise Density No [dBm/Hz] -169.0 -169.0 -169.0 g = e + f
Rise Over themal (Io+No)/No [dB] 1.5 3.0 5.2 h
Total interference density : Io = (1-a) Ior + Ioc [dBm/Hz] -172.7 -169.0 -165.3 i = 10*log( 10^((h+g)/10)-10^(g/10) )
Total effective noise + interference density : Io + No [dBm/Hz] -167.5 -166.0 -163.8 j = 10*log( 10^(i/10)+10^(g/10) )
Processing gain [dB] 25.0 25.0 25.0 k = 10*log(3840/12.2)
Required Eb/(No+Io) [dB] 4.0 4.0 4.0 m
Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -122.6 -121.1 -118.9 n = m-k+j + 10*log10(3840000)
SHO Gain [dB], multi-cell 2.0 2.0 2.0 t
RXAntenna Gain [dB] 20.5 20.5 20.5 o
Cable loss of BS in UL / Body loss of MS in DL [dB] 2.0 2.0 2.0 p
TPC headroom [dB] 4.0 4.0 4.0 q
Max. path loss [dB] 158.1 156.6 154.4 r = d - n + o - p + q +t
Coverage Probability [%] 80 80 80
Log Normal Fade Constant [dB] 12 12 12
Propagatiom odel exponent 3.38 3.38 3.38
Log Normal Fade Margin [dB] 4.4 4.4 4.4 s
BS antenna heigh 40 40 40
MS antenna height 1.5 1.5 1.5
Area type correction 0 0 0 Urban
Indoor Loss [dB] 15.0 15.0 15.0 u
Cell Range, km 1.19 1.08 0.93 Okumura Hata
3G data Coverage
WCDMA Link Budget
Load =50 % Urban macrocells Urban macrocells Urban macrocells
Uplink Uplink Uplink
Service, kbits/s 64.00 144.00 384.00
Max. TXPower per channel [W] 0.25 0.25 0.25
As above in dBm 24.0 24.0 24.0 a
TXAntenna Gain [dB] 0.0 0.0 0.0 b
Body loss of MS in UL / Cable loss of BS in DL [dB] 0.0 0.0 0.0 c
Transmit EIRP per channel [dBm] 24.0 24.0 24.0 d = a + b - c
Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz] -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 e
Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 5.0 5.0 5.0 f
Receiver Noise Density No [dBm/Hz] -169.0 -169.0 -169.0 g = e + f
Rise Over themal (Io+No)/No [dB] 3.0 3.0 3.0 h
Total interference density : Io = (1-a) Ior + Ioc [dBm/Hz] -169.0 -169.0 -169.0 i = 10*log( 10^((h+g)/10)-10^(g/10) )
Total effective noise + interference density : Io + No [dBm/Hz] -166.0 -166.0 -166.0 j = 10*log( 10^(i/10)+10^(g/10) )
Processing gain [dB] 17.8 14.3 10.0 k = 10*log(3840/bitrate)
Required Eb/(No+Io) [dB] 2.0 1.5 1.0 m
Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -115.9 -112.9 -109.2 n = m-k+j + 10*log10(3840000)
SHO Gain [dB], multi-cell 2.0 2.0 2.0 t
RXAntenna Gain [dB] 20.5 20.5 20.5 o
Cable loss of BS in UL / Body loss of MS in DL [dB] 2.0 2.0 2.0 p
TPC headroom [dB] 4.0 4.0 4.0 q
Max. path loss [dB] 156.4 153.4 149.6 r = d - n + o - p + q +t
Coverage Probability [%] 80 80 80
Log Normal Fade Constant [dB] 12 12 12
Propagatiom odel exponent 3.38 3.38 3.38
Log Normal Fade Margin [dB] 4.4 4.4 4.4 s
BS antenna heigh 40 40 40
MS antenna height 1.5 1.5 1.5
Area type correction 0 0 0 Urban
Indoor Loss [dB] 15.0 15.0 15.0 u
Cell Range, km 1.07 0.87 0.68 Okumura Hata
2G&3G LINK BUDGET
WCDMA Link Budget GSM1800 Link Budget
144 kbps NRT Packet data
10 % FER target, load 50 % Uplink Uplink
Max. TXPower per channel [W] 0.25 1
As above in dBm 24.0 30.0 a
TXAntenna Gain [dB] 0.0 0.0 b
Body loss of MS in UL / Cable loss of BS in DL [dB] 0.0 0.0 c
Transmit EIRP per channel [dBm] 24.0 30.0 d = a + b - c
Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz] -174.0 -174.0 e
Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 5.0 5.7 f
Receiver Noise Density No [dBm/Hz] -169.0 g = e + f
Rise Over themal (Io+No)/No [dB] 3.0 h=10log(1-load)
Total interference density : Io = (1-a) Ior + Ioc [dBm/Hz] -169.0 i = 10*log( 10^((h+g)/10)-10^(g/10) )
Total effective noise + interference density : Io + No [dBm/Hz] -166.0 j = 10*log( 10^(i/10)+10^(g/10) )
Processing gain [dB] 14.3 k = 10*log(3840/144)
Required Eb/(No+Io) [dB] 1.5 8.0 m
Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -112.9 -106.0
SHO Gain [dB], multi-cell 2.0 0.0 t
RXAntenna Gain [dB] 20.5 20.5 o
Cable loss of BS in UL / Body loss of MS in DL [dB] 2.0 2.0 p
TPC headroom [dB] 4.0 0.0 q
Max. path loss [dB] 153.4 154.5 r = d - n + o - p + q +t
Coverage Probability [%] 80 80
Log Normal Fade Constant [dB] 12 12
Propagatiom odel exponent 3.38 3.38
Log Normal Fade Margin [dB] 4.4 4.4
BS antenna heigh 40 40
MS antenna height 1.5 1.5
Area type correction 0 0
Indoor Loss [dB] 15.0 15.0
Cell Range, km 0.87 0.94 Okumura Hata
WCDMA Specific Property in Link Budget
Interference degradation margin :
This becomes a function of the cell load factor (so-called cell breathing)
Load factor directly corresponds to the supported traffic per cell
Fast fade margin :
Headroom is needed for maintaining adequate closed loop fast power control
This is applicable for pedestrian users where Eb/No is more sensitive to PC
Effect of soft handover :
Soft handover slightly reduces the average single link Eb/No of MSs, due to
macro diversity combining
In downlink, however, soft handover increases the number of active
"transmitters", so the gain may be less than the "loss"
Soft handover improves the coverage at cell edge due to MDC and reduce
non-orthogonal interference (only in DL)
Downlink power amplifier dimensioning :
Cell range is determined by the maximum transmit power per MS, but the
total transmit power of BS is determined by the "average" transmitted power
of all MSs
S
I
0c
W
I
i
W=(n-1)S
S Signal received at the base
station [w]
I
i
Spectral density of
interference from all other
users in the cell [w/Hz]
I
oc
Spectral density of
interference from users in
other cells [w/Hz]
f = I
oc
/ I
i
measure for re-use
efficiency (environment
dependent).
Typically f = 0.66
UL signal & Interference
I
o
= Total spectral interference plus noise density
I
o
= N
o
+I
oc
+I
i
= N
o
+I
oc
+(n-1)vS/W
W WCDMA bandwidth
n Number of active calls
N
o
Thermal noise spectral density at the input to the receiver LNA [w/Hz]
v voice activity factor (e.g. v = 0.5)
C/I Signal (carrier) to noise and interference ratio

Energy per bit of data

R
b
The data rate (bit rate) (e.g. 8 kbps)

Figure of merit of a digital receiver (e.g. 5 dB for WCDMA)

E
b
=
S
R
b
E
b
I
o
=
C
I
W
R
b
C/I=
S
I
o
W
=
S
N
o
+ n-1 v
S
W
+I
oc
W
=
E
b
I
o
R
b
W

1
Q
; Q
W
R
b
E
b
N
0
=
1
C
I
UL Capacity Equation

Eb/No & Interference
target CI [dB] = Eb/No W/R
b

E
b
/N
o
is the MS Bit Energy to Noise density ratio in DL
W/R is the processing gain
W is the WCDMA bandwidth (3,84 MHz)
R
b
is the data rate (kBits/s)
Simulated Nokia Eb/No values in BS and MS
Voice CS-data 3km/h P-data 3km/h P-data 120km/h
3 km/h 20 km/h 120 km/h 64 kb/s 144 kb/s 384 kb/s 512 kb/s 64 kb/s 144 kb/s 384 kb/s 512 kb/s 64 kb/s 144 kb/s 384 kb/s 512 kb/s
20 ms interleaving 40 ms interleaving 10 ms interleaving 10 ms interleaving
4 4 5 1.5 1.5 2 1.5 1 1 3.3 2
MS parameters whithout transmit diversity
20 ms interleaving 80 ms interleaving 10 ms interleaving 10 ms interleaving
21 21 21 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24
8 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4
Uplink Load Factor and Pole Capacity
( ) i
R W
No E rx
k
k b
N k
k
+ =
=
=
1
/
/ _
1
q

N : Number of "active" radio links per cell (DTX factor)
rx_Eb/No
k
: Received Eb/No of radio link k at the BS
W / R
k
: Processing gain at the given bit rate
i : Other cell to own cell interference ratio seen by the BS

Loss in link budget due to load
= Interference margin (IM)
= -10*log10(1-q)

MS_TxP =
Transmit power per radio link
needed for coverage + Loss

IM when q 1 !!!
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Load factor
L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
Downlink Load Factor and Pole Capacity
( ) | |
k k
k
k b
N k
k
i
R W
No E tx
+ =
=
=
o q 1
/
/ _
1
N : Number of "active" radio links per cell (inc. DTX factor and SHO)
tx_Eb/No
k
: Transmit Eb/No of the radio link arrived at MS k
W / R
k
: Processing gain at the given bit rate
i
k
: Other cell to own received BS power ratio seen by MS
k
,
o
k
: Orthogonality factor in Downlink seen by MS k (*

(* Due to multipath propagation, DL orthogonality is no longer maintained when BS signal arrives MS.
1-o represents the amount of intra-cell interference seen by the MS receiver

0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Load factor
B
S

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t

p
o
w
e
r

r
i
s
e

(
d
B
) BS transmit power rise due to load
= -10*log10(1-q)

BS_TxP =
Transmit power for coverage of all
radio links + power rise

BS_TxP when q 1 !!!
.
Ior
Ioc

Typical Capacity of WCDMA
- 1x3 configuration, 50% uplink load
Voice traffic
Data Traffic
Soft Capacity
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

p
e
r

c
e
l
l

p
e
r

c
a
r
r
i
e
r

More Data More Voice
800kbps L1 rate
50 Erlang
Capacity Simulations
Number of Simultaneous voice calls per cell
30% 50% 70 % UL
Cells UL load UL Load 80 % DL
UL Limited UL Limited DL Limited
1*1 34 57 67
1*3 32 54 62
1*6 29 48 53
No of Simultaneous RT 144 kbps call per cell
30% 50% UL 70 % UL
Cells UL load 80% DL 80 % DL
UL Limited DL Limited DL Limited
1*1 3.5 5.4 5.4
1*3 3.3 4.9 4.9
1*6 2.9 4.3 4.3
Capacity Simulations
Data throughput per CU
30% 50% UL 70 % UL
Cells UL load 80% DL load
UL kbps DL/UL kbps DL/UL kbps
1*1 500 950/830 1150
1*3 470 800/780 1100
1*6 419 760/700 980
Mixed Traffixc Capacity per CU
No of Users Erlang at 2% Mean User
Services per cell blocking kbps/MHz/cell
12.2 kbits 50 44 58
64 kbps RT 12 7.5 96
144 kbps RT 5 2.2 63
3G Spectrum Efficiency


2G Micro Macrocell
Spectrum [MHz] 5 5
Channels in System 25 25
TCH per TRX 7.5 7.5
TCH in System 187.5 187.5
Channel Reuse 6 12
TCH per Cell 31.3 15.6
Traffic inc Trunking Gain 2% 22.8 9
System Efficiency Erl/MHz/Cell 4.6 1.8
Data throughput 14 kbits/s/TSL= 70
Spectrum [MHz] 5
Channels in System 1
Code CHs per Carrier Release1 576
Code CH per Cell 576/6 carriers 96
Traffic/cell Erlangs 44
System Efficiency Erl/MHz/Cell 8.8
Data throughput 800 kbits/s/5 MHz 160
CDMA radio access technology
Freq. 1
Freq. 1
BS1
BS2
Code D
Users are separated by codes (code channels), not by frequency or time
(in some capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also different
carrier frequencies may be used).
signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference
CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages the interference
(ref. to GSM which is a frequency limited system)
CDMA radio access technology:
spreading/despreading
Two main spread spectrum methods: Direct Sequence (DS) and Frequency
Hopping (FH). DS used in ARIB/ETSI systems.
In DS spreading the user signal spreading (modulation) is done with
spreading sequencies (codes) having much higher bandwith than the user
signal (processing gain = W/R, where R = data rate, W = spread bandwith)
codes are unique for each channel
transmitting and receiving sides have the same code with the same phase.
The code to be used is determined by the transmitting side and the receiving
side acquires the code from the transmited signal (code acquisition)
Spreading
Transmitter
RX
spreading
code
generator
Receiver
Despreading
TX
spreading
code
generator
synchronism required
Spread signal
input narrowband
signal
(unspread)
output
signal
(detected)
radio path
Power Control
power control on the uplink is the key to the WCDMA capacity, downlink is
less critical
the power of separate users is controlled in such a way that received power
from all users are roughly equal and the total power in the system is minimal
==> users can occupy the same carrier and the interference averaging takes
place
if the power control is incomplete, there will be severe problems, refer to the
so called near-far-problem (see figure below).
Normally the uplink power control range is 70-90 dB, the receiver can handle
power differencies not exceeding the spreading ratio (normally 6..20 dB).
BS
MS1
MS2
If the power of MS1 is not properly controlled
it will jam the weaker signal of MS2

Soft Handover
MS is simultaneously connected to several base stations
=> seamless transition from one cell to another, minimizes interference
BS1
BS2
BS1
BS2
BS1
BS2
Initial state:
MS connected to one BS
MS moves towards BS2:
another branch is added
Branch to original BS1 is
disconnected
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

s
i
g
n
a
l

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

MS distance from BS1
Soft HO
region
BS1
signal
BS2
signal
Radio resource management
PC
HC
connection
based
functions
LC
AC
network
based
functions
PS
RM
AC Admission Control
LC Load Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
HC HO Control
Admission control:
Performs the admission control for new bearers to
enter/leave the network.
Predictis the interference caused by the bearer and
checks whether there is room for it.
Power allocation
Manages the bearer mapping ( multiplexing )
Bearer renegotiation
Produces a Transpor Format Set (or modifies
existing TFS)

MDC relocation management in SHO

Load Control:

takes care of radio network stability

gathers interference information and produces a
load vector

Radio resource management
Power Control
The closed loop PC compares the
measured SIR with an SIR target and based
on this transmits an up/down PC command
at 0.625 ms interval
The open loop PC estimates the needed
power based on pathloss + interference
measurements (RACH) or perch channel
SIR measurements (FACH)
The outer loop PC sets the SIR target for
the fast closed loop PC
Handover Control
Soft (intra-frequency) handovers: softer
between cells within one BS, intra-RNC soft,
inter-RNC soft
Inter-frequency (hard) handovers: Intra-
BS, Intra-RNC, Inter-RNC (-MSC)
Inter-system handovers: WCDMA <->
GSM

Packet Scheduler
Scheduling packets to the radio interface
(UL/DL)
The PS works in close cooperation with the
RLC buffer since it allocates RLC-PDU's
The PS checks the radio conditions in the
load_vector broadcasted by the LC
The PS may limit the upper_bit_rate inside
TFS
Resource manager
manages the physical resources of RAN
and maintains the code tree
Code allocation for:
DCH signalling/radio access bearer
temp DCH
HW availability of RAN ( BS resources,
RNC/ CDSP, transmission) up to some
extent


Detailed Planning means CDMA Analysis
2G detailed planning is coverage and frequency planning +interference analysis
3G detailed planning is calculation of the UL/DL best servers, UL/DL SHO areas, BCCH C/Is, cell
loading, SHO overhead and SHO probabilities
Edit iteration
control parameters
Manage views
Edit planning
parameters
Start calculation,
React to reported
invalid
link loss
Edit parameters
Perform UL, DL
Best Server
analysis
Set analysis area
Perform UL, DL
SHO area
analysis
BCCH C/I
analysis
Cell load
SHO probability,
SHO overhead
Mobile / user
distribution
Print
reports and
plots
Edit cell
parameters
Coverage and
capacity
iteration

Analysis of an example WCDMA plan
Initial Users
Total 2000 users

15 384 kbps
250 64 kbps
1735 8 kbps

Dominance areas
Uplink Dominance Downlink Dominance

Cell loading and SHO overhead
Cell loading SHO overhead
Water Water

3G RNP Principles Nokia

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

3G RNP Principles Nokia

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

NOKIA 27.10.

1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 1

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen