Muy Buena

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Chapter Fifteen
Acids, Bases, and AcidBase Equilibria
Prentice Hall 2005
General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry
Chapter Fifteen
The BrnstedLowry Theory

Arrhenius theory: an acid forms H+ in water; and a base forms OH in water. But not all acidbase reactions involve water, and many bases (NH3, carbonates) do not contain any OH. BrnstedLowry theory defines acids and bases in terms of proton (H+) transfer. A BrnstedLowry acid is a proton donor. A BrnstedLowry base is a proton acceptor. The conjugate base of an acid is the acid minus the proton it has donated. The conjugate acid of a base is the base plus the accepted proton.
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Chapter Fifteen
Ionization of HCl
H2O is a base in this reaction because it accepts the H+
HCl acts as an acid by donating H+ to H2O
Conjugate acid of H2O
Conjugate base of HCl
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Chapter Fifteen
Ionization of Ammonia
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Chapter Fifteen
Water Is Amphiprotic
H2O acts as an acid when it donates H+, forming the conjugate base ___ H2O acts as a base when it accepts H+, forming the conjugate acid ___
Amphiprotic: Can act as either an acid or as a base
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Chapter Fifteen
Example 15.1
Identify the BrnstedLowry acids and bases and their conjugates in: (a) H2S + NH3 NH4+ + HS (b) OH + H2PO4 H2O + HPO42
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Chapter Fifteen
Ka and Kb
The equilibrium constant for a Brnsted acid is represented by Ka, and that for a base is represented by Kb. CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
Notice that H2O is not included in either equilibrium expression.
H3O+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)
[H3O+][CH3COO] Ka = [CH3COOH] NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)

[NH4+][OH] Kb = [NH3]
NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
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Chapter Fifteen
Strength of Conjugate AcidBase Pairs

A stronger acid can donate H+ more readily than a weaker acid. The stronger an acid, the weaker is its conjugate base. The stronger a base, the weaker is its conjugate acid. An acidbase reaction is favored in the direction from the stronger member to the weaker member of each conjugate acidbase pair.
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Chapter Fifteen
The stronger the acid
the weaker the conjugate base.
the weaker the conjugate acid.

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And the stronger the base
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Acid/Base Strength and Direction of Equilibrium

In Table 15.1, HBr lies above CH3COOH in the acid column. Since HBr is a stronger acid than CH3COOH, the equilibrium for the reaction:
Weaker base
Weaker acid lies to the left.
Stronger base
Stronger acid
We reach the same conclusion by comparing the strengths of the bases (right column of Table 15.1). CH3COO lies below Br ; CH3COO is the stronger base:
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Strong Acids
The strong acidsHCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4are considered strong because they ionize completely in water. The strong acids all appear above H3O+ in Table 15.1. The strong acids are leveled to the same strengthto that of H3O+when they are placed in water.
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Periodic Trends in Acid Strength

The greater the tendency for HX (general acid) to transfer a proton to H2O, the more the forward reaction is favored and the stronger the acid. A factor that makes it easier for the H+ to leave will increase the strength of the acid. Acid strength is inversely proportional to HX bond-dissociation energy. Weaker HX bond => stronger acid. Acid strength is directly proportional to anion radius. Larger X radius => stronger acid.
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Periodic Trends in Acid Strength
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I. Acid-Base Strength: Binary Hydrides Bond Strength; Stronger the bond strength the weaker the
acid character. 1. Size increase of X, leads to longer and weaker H-X bond, so H+ is release
more easily. (prominent down PT)
Bond Strength from atomic radius (orbital overlap)
H-F
H-Cl
H-Br
H-
569 kJ/mol
431 kJ/mol
368 kJ/mol
297 kJ/mol
Increasing atomic size, Increasing acid strength
2. EN of X: As X become more electronegative, the H-X becomes more

polar, and H+ is more easily release. (prominent across PT)
Electronegativity
Na-H
1.0
CH4
2.5
NH3
3.1
HF
4.1
Increasing EN, Increasing Acid Strength

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16.3 Acids - Base i. Salt Solution ii. Characteristics of Acid-Base
General Chemistry
4th
edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry
Chapter Fifteen
02.11.01 12:28 AM
Acid-Base Strength: Binary hydrides

Trend of Acidity for Binary compounds
Bond Strength: Bond polarity: Atomic size (Down PT) Electronegative (across PT)
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Strength of Oxoacids
Acid strength increases with the electronegativity of the central atom, and with the number of terminal oxygen atoms.
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Hypochlorous acid HOCl (OH)Cl pK a = 7.5
chlorous acid
chloric acid perchloric acid
HClO2 (OH)ClO pKa= 2.0

HClO3 (OH)ClO2 pKa= -3 HClO4 (OH)ClO3 pKa= - 8
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Chapter Fifteen
2. Acid-Base Strength: Oxyacids and EN (Example)
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(HO)mXOn
Variation on the identity of third atom
Electronegativity
HO
(H O)2SeO 2
O
O
HO Se HO O
(H O)2SO2
S HO
Which is the stronger acid ? H2SO4 because EN (S) > EN (Se).

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Strength of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids all have the COOH group in common. Differences in acid strength come from differences in the R group attached to the carboxyl group. In general, the more that electronegative atoms appear in the R group, the stronger is the acid.
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Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid
Aspirin: acetylsalicylic acid
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Respiratory System - Ventilation can affect carbon dioxide, and therefore carbonic acid
1. Action of Carbonic Anhydrase CO2 + H2 O <===> H2 CO3 Carbon Dioxide Water Carbonic anhydrase Carbonic acid 2. Effect of Respiration on pH resp up---->"'blows off" CO2 ---->CO2 down ----> H2CO3 down----> pH up resp down----> CO2 accumulates ----> CO2 up----> H2CO3 up----> pH down
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Example 15.2
Select the stronger acid in each pair: (a) nitrous acid, HNO2, and nitric acid, HNO3 (b) Cl3CCOOH and BrCH2COOH
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Strengths of Amines as Bases

Aromatic amines are much weaker bases than aliphatic amines. This is due in part to the fact that the p electrons in the benzene ring of an aromatic molecule are delocalized and can involve the nitrogen atoms lone-pair electrons in the resonance hybrid. As a result, the lone-pair electrons are much less likely to accept a proton. Electron-withdrawing groups on the ring further diminish the basicity of aromatic amines relative to aniline.
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Example 15.3
Select the weaker base in each pair:
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Acid-Base and Salt solutions

Conjugates:
Strong Acid - Base CA C+ + A Weak Acids - Base CA C+ + A (100%) < (100%)
A- is a base (proton acceptor) A- + H2O AH + OHC+ is an acid (proton donor) C+ + H2O *C + H3O+
C = NH4+ or polyatomic with H in formula i.e., H2PO3-2, HSO4-, HCO3-
(i) Salts from Strong base and strong acid: Consider NaOH and HCl the salt NaCl no pH = 7 (ii) Salts from strong base and weak acid: Consider NaOH and HClO the salt NaClO pH > 7 (iii) Salts from weak base and a strong acid: Consider NH4OHand HNO3 the salt NH4NO3 pH < 7 (iv) Salts from a weak base and a weak acid: Consider NH4OH and HClO the salt NH4ClO pH = ?
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Self-Ionization of Water
Even pure water conducts some electricity. This is due to the fact that water self-ionizes:
The equilibrium constant for this process is called the ion product of water (Kw). At 25 C, Kw = 1.0 x 1014 = [H3O+][OH] This equilibrium constant is very important because it applies to all aqueous solutionsacids, bases, salts, and nonelectrolytesnot just to pure water.
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The pH Scale
Concentration of H3O+ can vary over a wide range in aqueous solution, from about 10 M to about 1014 M. A more convenient expression for H3O+ is pH. pH = log [H3O+] and so [H3O+] = 10pH The negative logarithm function of pH is so useful that it has been applied to other species and constants. pOH = log [OH] and so [OH] = 10pOH pKw = log Kw At 25 C, pKw = 14.00 pKw = pH + pOH = 14.00
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The pH Scale
Since pH is a logarithmic scale, cola drinks (pH about 2.5) are about ____ times as acidic as tomatoes (pH about 4.5)
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Example 15.4
By the method suggested in Figure 15.5, a student determines the pH of milk of magnesia, a suspension of solid magnesium hydroxide in its saturated aqueous solution, and obtains a value of 10.52. What is the molarity of Mg(OH)2 in its saturated aqueous solution? The suspended, undissolved Mg(OH)2(s) does not affect the measurement.
Example 15.5 A Conceptual Example

Is the solution 1.0 x 108 M HCl acidic, basic, or neutral?
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Equilibrium in Solutions of Weak Acids and Weak Bases

These calculations are similar to the equilibrium calculations performed in Chapter 14. An equation is written for the reversible reaction. Data are organized, often in an ICE format. Changes that occur in establishing equilibrium are assessed. Simplifying assumptions are examined (the 5% rule). Equilibrium concentrations, equilibrium constant, etc. are calculated.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Types of Weak Bases

C2H3O2- + H2O = HC2H3O2 + OH-
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Kw = Ka Kb
Kw / Ka = Kb 1.0 X 10-14 / 1.8 X 10-5 = 5.6 X 10-10 What is the pH of a 1.0 X 10-2 M NaC2H3O2 solution? C2H3O2- + H2O = HC2H3O2 + OHInitial 1.0 X 10-2 0 0*
Change
-x
+x
+x
Equilibriu m
1.0 X 10-2 x
Since [ C2H3O2- ]initial > 400 X Kb, we can neglect x compared to 1.0 X 10-2 5.6 X 10-10 = x2 / 1.0 X 10-2 x = [OH-] = 2.4 X 10-6 M => [H+] = Kw / [OH-] = 4.2 X 10-9 pH = - Log 4.2 X 10-9 = 8.38 (you see, I told you it was a base).
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Chapter Fifteen
Hydrolysis: Salts from weak base and weak acids

What is the pH of a salt solution when 37 g of NH4F is dissolved in 1.00L of water.
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NH4F NH 4 NH 4 F
H3O i
F K a 5.56 10 -10 K b 1.47 10 -11

OH
NH 3
H 3O +
HF OH H3O
+ -7
Calculat ion : NH3 0 +x +x 1 10 +x

-7
Calculation: F
NH 4
H2O HF Excess -x Excess

-5
OH
-7
2M -x
i
+
2M -x
0 +x x
1 10 +x
-7
e 2M - x
x2 -10 Ka = 5 . 56 10 2M
1 10 + x
e 2M - x
1 10 + x
. .. . x = [H 3 O ] = 3. 33 10
x2 K b = 1. 47 10 -11 2M
. . . . x = [ O H - ] = 5. 42 10 -6 M
[OH - ]+ [H 3 O + ] [H 2 O] 3.33 10 -5 M - 5.42 10 -6 M Acidic

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[H 3 O ]Excess = 2.79 10 M
-5
General Chemistry
4th
edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry
Chapter Fifteen
02.11.01 12:28 AM
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Example 15.6
Ordinary vinegar is approximately 1 M CH3COOH and as shown in Figure 15.6, it has a pH of about 2.4. Calculate the expected pH of 1.00 M CH3COOH(aq), and show that the calculated and measured pH values are in good agreement.
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Example 15.7
What is the pH of 0.00200 M ClCH2COOH(aq)?
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Example 15.8
What is the pH of 0.500 M NH3(aq)?
Example 15.9
The pH of a 0.164 M aqueous solution of dimethylamine is 11.98. What are the values of Kb and pKb? The ionization equation is (CH3)2NH + H2O (CH3)2NH2+ + OH Kb = ?
Dimethylamine Dimethylammonium ion
Example 15.10
A Conceptual Example
Without doing detailed calculations, indicate which solution has the greater [H3O+], 0.030 M HCl or 0.050 M CH3COOH.
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Polyprotic Acids
A monoprotic acid has one ionizable H atom per molecule. A polyprotic acid has more than one ionizable H atom per molecule.
Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Carbonic acid, H2CO3 Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 Diprotic Diprotic Triprotic
The protons of a polyprotic acid dissociate in steps, each step having a value of Ka. Values of Ka decrease successively for a given polyprotic acid. Ka1 > Ka2 > Ka3 , etc. Simplifying assumptions may be made in determining the concentration of various species from polyprotic acids.
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Example 15.11
Calculate the following concentrations in an aqueous solution that is 5.0 M H3PO4: (a) [H3O+] (b) [H2PO4] (c) [HPO42] (d) [PO43]
Example 15.12
What is the approximate pH of 0.71 M H2SO4?
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Ions as Acids and Bases

HCl is a strong acid, therefore Cl is so weakly basic in water that a solution of chloride ions (such as NaCl) is virtually neutral. Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is a weak acid, so acetate ion, CH3COO, is significantly basic in water. A solution of sodium acetate (which dissociates completely into sodium and acetate ions in water) is therefore slightly basic: CH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + OH
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Carbonate Ion as a Base

A carbonate ion accepts a proton from water, leaving behind an OH and making the solution basic.
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(contd)
Salts of strong acids and strong bases form neutral solutions: NaCl, KNO3 Salts of weak acids and strong bases form basic solutions: KNO2, NaClO Salts of strong acids and weak bases form acidic solutions: NH4NO3 Salts of weak acids and weak bases form solutions that may be acidic, neutral, or basic; it depends on the relative strengths of the cations and the anions: NH4NO2, CH3COONH4.
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Aqueous Cations
[Fe(H2O)6]+3
H 2O +
H3O+
[Fe(H2O)5OH]+2
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Example 15.13
(a) Is NH4I(aq) acidic, basic,or neutral? (b) What conclusion can you draw from Figure 15.8d about the equilibrium constants for the hydrolysis reactions in CH3COONH4(aq)?
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(contd)
In order to make quantitative predictions of pH of a salt solution, we need an equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis reaction. The relationship between Ka and Kb of a conjugate acidbase pair is: Ka x Kb = Kw If instead we have values of pKa or pKb: pKa + pKb = pKw = 14.00 (at 25 C)
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Example 15.14
Calculate the pH of a solution that is 0.25 M CH3COONa(aq).
Example 15.15
What is the molarity of an NH4NO3(aq) solution that has a pH = 4.80?
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The Common Ion Effect

Consider a solution of acetic acid. If we add acetate ion as a second solute (i.e., sodium acetate), the pH of the solution increases:
LeChteliers principle: What happens to [H3O+] when the equilibrium shifts to the left?
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The Common Ion Effect (contd)

The common ion effect is the suppression of the ionization of a weak acid or a weak base by the presence of a common ion from a strong electrolyte.
Acetic acid solution at equilibrium: a few H3O+ ions and a few CH3COO ions
When acetate ion is added, and equilibrium reestablished: more acetate ions, fewer H3O+ ions
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Chapter Fifteen
49 HC2H3O2 = H+ + C2H3O2We calculated before that a 1.0 X 10-2 M solution would have [H+] = 4.2 X 10-4 M and pH = 3.37 How does Le Chatelier suggest the above equilibrium would shift if NaC2H3O2 was added? How would the pH change? Say we added enough NaC2H3O2 to make the solution 1.0 X 10-2 M in C2H3O2-. What would the pH be
Initial 1.0 X 10-2 0* 1.0 X 10-2
Change
-x
+x
+x
Equilibriu m
1.0 X 10-2 x
1.0 X 10-2 + x
Ka = x (1.0 X 10-2 + x) (1.0 X 10-2 x )

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Assume x is negligible compared to 1.0 X 10-2 M
x = 1.8 X 10-5 = [H+] => pH = 4.74
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Example 15.16
Calculate the pH of an aqueous solution that is both 1.00 M CH3COOH and 1.00 M CH3COONa.
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Buffer Solutions
Many industrial and biochemical reactionsespecially enzyme-catalyzed reactionsare sensitive to pH. To work with such reactions we often need a solution that maintains a nearly-constant pH. A buffer solution is a solution that changes pH only slightly when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A buffer contains significant concentrations of both a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
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Buffer Solutions (contd)

The acid component of the buffer neutralizes small added amounts of OH, forming the weaker conjugate base which does not affect pH much: HA + OH H2O + A The base component neutralizes small added amounts of H3O+, forming the weaker conjugate acid which does not affect pH much. A + H3O+ H2O + HA Pure water does not buffer at all
Pure water increases in pH by about 5 pH units when the OH is added, and decreases by about 5 pH units when the H3O+ is added.
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In contrast, the same amounts of OH and H3O+ added to a buffer solution barely change the pH.
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An Equation for Buffer Solutions

In certain applications, there is a need to repeat the calculations of the pH of buffer solutions many times. This can be done with a single, simple equation, but there are some limitations. The HendersonHasselbalch equation: [conjugate base] pH = pKa + log [weak acid]
To use this equation, the ratio [conjugate base]/[weak acid] must have a value between 0.1010 and both concentrations must exceed Ka by a factor of 100 or more.
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Comparing three weak acids HF Ka = 6.8 X 10-4 pKa = 3.17
HC2H3O2
HCN
1.8 x 10-5
4.9 X 10-10
4.74
9.31
As you can see, the stronger the acid, the smaller pKa. You will have a similar trend with pKb.
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Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range

There is a limit to the ability of a buffer solution to neutralize added acid or base. This buffer capacity is reached before either buffer component has been consumed. In general, the more concentrated the buffer components in a solution, the more added acid or base the solution can neutralize. As a rule, a buffer is most effective if the concentrations of the buffer acid and its conjugate base are equal or nearly so. Therefore, a buffer is most effective when the desired pH of the buffer is very near pKa of the weak acid of the buffer.
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Human blood is a buffered solution
Source: Visuals Unlimited Prentice Hall 2005
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Molecular model: HC2H3O2, C2H3O2-
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Example 15.17
A buffer solution is 0.24 M NH3 and 0.20 M NH4Cl. (a) What is the pH of this buffer? (b) If 0.0050 mol NaOH is added to 0.500 L of this solution, what will be the pH?
Example 15.18
What concentration of acetate ion in 0.500 M CH3COOH(aq) produces a buffer solution with pH = 5.00?
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AcidBase Indicators
An acidbase indicator is a weak acid or base. The acid form (HA) of the indicator has one color, the conjugate base (A) has a different color. One of the colors may be colorless. In an acidic solution, [H3O+] is high. Because H3O+ is a common ion, it suppresses the ionization of the indicator acid, and we see the color of HA. In a basic solution, [OH] is high, and it reacts with HA, forming the color of A. Acidbase indicators are often used for applications in which a precise pH reading isnt necessary.
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Different indicators have different values of Ka, so they exhibit color changes at different values of pH
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Figure 8.10: The pH curve for the titration of 50.0
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Table 8.4: A Summary of Various Points in the Titration of a Triprotic Acid
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Figure 8.11: A summary of the important equilibria at various points in the titration of a triprotic acid
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Example 15.19
Explain the series of color changes of thymol blue indicator produced by the actions pictured in Figure 15.14: (a) A few drops of thymol blue are added to HCl(aq). (b) Some sodium acetate is added to solution (a). (c) A small quantity of sodium hydroxide is added to solution (b). (d) An additional, larger quantity of sodium hydroxide is added to solution (c).
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Neutralization Reactions
At the equivalence point in an acidbase titration, the acid and base have been brought together in precise stoichiometric proportions. The endpoint is the point in the titration at which the indicator changes color. Ideally, the indicator is selected so that the endpoint and the equivalence point are very close together. The endpoint and the equivalence point for a neutralization titration can be best matched by plotting a titration curve, a graph of pH versus volume of titrant.
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Titration Curve, Strong Acid with Strong Base
Bromphenol blue, bromthymol blue, and phenolphthalein all change color at very nearly 20.0 mL
At about what volume would we see a color change if we used methyl violet as the indicator?
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Example 15.20
Calculate the pH at the following points in the titration of 20.00 mL of 0.500 M HCl with 0.500 M NaOH: H3O+ + Cl + Na+ + OH Na+ + Cl + 2 H2O (a) before the addition of any NaOH (b) after the addition of 10.00 mL of 0.500 M NaOH (c) after the addition of 20.00 mL of 0.500 M NaOH (d) after the addition of 20.20 mL of 0.500 M NaOH
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Titration Curve, Weak Acid with Strong Base

The equivalence-point pH is NOT 7.00 here. Why not??
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Bromphenol blue was ok for the strong acid/strong base titration, but it changes color far too early to be useful here.
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Figure 8.4: The pH curves for the titrations of 50.0
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Figure 8.6: The indicator phenolphthalein is pink in basic solution and colorless in acidic solution.
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Example 15.21
Calculate the pH at the following points in the titration of 20.00 mL of 0.500 M CH3COOH with 0.500 M NaOH: CH3COOH + Na+ + OH Na+ + CH3COO + H2O (a) before the addition of any NaOH (b) after the addition of 8.00 mL of 0.500 M NaOH (c) after the addition of 10.00 mL of 0.500 M NaOH (d) after the addition of 20.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH (e) after the addition of 21.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH
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Example 15.22
This titration curve shown in Figure 15.18 involves 1.0 M solutions of an acid and a base. Identify the type of titration it represents.
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Lewis Acids and Bases

There are reactions in nonaqueous solvents, in the gaseous state, and even in the solid state that can be considered acidbase reactions which BrnstedLowry theory is not adequate to explain. A Lewis acid is a species that is an electron-pair acceptor and a Lewis base is a species that is an electron-pair donor. CaO(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s)
Sulfur accepts an electron pair from the oxygen of CaO
In organic chemistry, Lewis acids are often called electrophiles (electron-loving) and Lewis bases are often called nucleophiles (nucleus-loving).
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Cumulative Example
A 0.0500 M aqueous solution of cyanoacetic acid, CNCH2COOH, has a freezing point of 0.11 C. Calculate the freezing point of a 0.250 M aqueous solution of cyanoacetic acid.
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1

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

The BrnstedLowry Theory

HCl acts as an acid by donating H+ to H2O

Conjugate acid of H2O

Conjugate base of HCl

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Amphiprotic: Can act as either an acid or as a base

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

[H3O+][CH3COO] Ka = [CH3COOH] NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)

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General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Strength of Conjugate AcidBase Pairs

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General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

The stronger the acid

the weaker the conjugate base.

the weaker the conjugate acid.

And the stronger the base

Acid/Base Strength and Direction of Equilibrium

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General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Periodic Trends in Acid Strength

Periodic Trends in Acid Strength

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General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Increasing atomic size, Increasing acid strength

2. EN of X: As X become more electronegative, the H-X becomes more

Increasing EN, Increasing Acid Strength

edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Acid-Base Strength: Binary hydrides

16.3 Acids - Base i. Salt Solution ii. Characteristics of Acid-Base

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General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Hypochlorous acid HOCl (OH)Cl pK a = 7.5

HClO2 (OH)ClO pKa= 2.0

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

2. Acid-Base Strength: Oxyacids and EN (Example)

Which is the stronger acid ? H2SO4 because EN (S) > EN (Se).

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Strength of Carboxylic Acids

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid

Aspirin: acetylsalicylic acid

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry

Prentice Hall 2005

General Chemistry 4th edition, Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry