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Circuit models
Now that we have studied the physics underlying how a diode works, we are going to hide all of it in a circuit model Why? If we create a circuit model, then we can draw and analyze electronic circuits without getting lost in the details.
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Voltage
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Idealized devices
We have encountered the idea of ideal devices before: A voltage source is like a battery, but produces a perfect voltage regardless of current: And the ideal current source, a current regardless of voltage
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A real diode drawn as the same symbol sometimes in a circle to make it clear that it is not a ideal diode
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Forward Bias:
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We use an ideal diode in series with an ideal voltage source
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We use an ideal diode in series with an ideal voltage source and a resistor. The resistance needed for the model is given by the inverse of the slope of the IV curve
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For example: A hand analysis of a power supply would probably use an ideal diode, and then break the problem into two time periods
When the diode is forward biased When the diode is reverse biased
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Applications
Applications of diodes include Power supply rectifiers Demodulators Clippers Limiters Peak detectors Voltage references Voltage multipliers
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Half-wave rectifier
A single diode can be used to take an alternating current, and allow only the positive voltage swing to be applied to the load
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An AC input is sinusoidal
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Full-wave rectifier
If we add an additional diode, it does not pass current at the same time as the first diode, but the load is now disconnected during the negative half cycle. What if we could flip the connection and use the negative half wave?
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Full-wave rectifier
The result is called a full wave rectifier
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Transformers
In order to use a full wave rectifier, the source and the load must be able to float with respect to each other One way to isolate AC power is to use a transformer. A transformer is a couple of coils of wire which transfer power by a changing magnetic field. By having different numbers of windings, or turns of wire, a transformer can step up or step down an AC voltage.
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Transformers
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The voltage across the secondary of the transformer (the output windings) is:
N2 V2 V1 N1
But this only works for changes in the voltageand therefore for AC only
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Filtering
A transformer and a full wave rectifier will produce a voltage which is always positive, but varies with time In order to power electronic devices, we need to smooth out the variations with time. Another way to look at this is that we need to store energy temporarily while the input voltage changes sign.
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Ripple
The result is a DC voltage, with some residual variations at twice the frequency of the AC power. The variation is called ripple.
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