EEEB113 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I

CHAPTER 5: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

TOPIC & STRUCTURE OF THE LESSON

Ideal op-amps Applications of op-amps inverting amps non-inverting amps summing amps difference amps cascaded op-amps

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Usually Called Op Amps It is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS) (i.e. dependent voltage source that depends on other voltage). It is an active circuit element designed to perform mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, differentiation and integration. An amplifier is a device that accepts a varying input signal and produces a similar output signal with a larger amplitude. Usually connected so part of the output is fed back to the input. (Feedback Loop) is a very high gain differential amplifier with high input impedance and low output impedance. Typical uses of the operational amplifier are to provide Voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity), Oscillators, Filter circuits, and many types of instrumentation circuits. An op-amp contains a number of differential amplifier stages to achieve a very high voltage gain.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
current mirror current mirror

voltage level shifter output stage

differential amplifier

current mirror

high-gain amplifier

Taken from National Semiconductor data sheet as shown on the web.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Fortunately, we do not have to sweat a circuit with 22 transistors and twelve resistors in order to use the op amp The circuit in the previous slide is usually encapsulated into a dual in-line pack (DIP). For a single LM741, the pin connections for the chip are shown below.

Pin connection, LM741.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS WHAT ARE THESE PINS?

Pin 1 and Pin 5 : Offset null input, are used to remove the Offset voltage. Pin 2: Inverting input (-VIN), signals at this pin will be inverted at output Pin 6. Pin 3: Non-inverting input (+VIN), signals at pin 3 will be processed without inversion. Pin 4: Negative power supply terminal (-VEE). Pin 6: Output (VOUT) of the Op-Amp Pin 7: Positive power supply terminal (+VCC) Pin 8: No connection (N\C), it is just there to make it a standard 8-pin

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
In most cases only the two inputs and the output are shown for the op amp. However, one should keep in mind that supply voltage is required, and a ground. The basic op am without a ground is shown below.

Basic op am diagram with supply voltage.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
As an active element, op amp must be powered by a voltage supply.

by KCL, io = i 1 + i2 + i + + i-

Although the power supplies are often ignored in circuit diagram (for simplicity), the power supply currents must not be overlooked.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS MODEL

Inverting Input

V1
_

output resistance input resistance

Differential input voltage, vd = v2 v1 Vd

+

Ri AVd

Ro

Vo

Non-Inverting Input

Output voltage, vo = Avd = A(v2 v1)

open loop voltage gain

V2

V1
_

Ri
+

Vd
+

Ri

AVd

Vo
_

V2

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS MODEL IDEAL VS PRACTICAL OP-AMP

Ideal
Open Loop gain A
Bandwidth BW Input Impedance Zin Output Impedance Zout
Supply voltage, Vcc

Practical

0
5 to 24 V

105 to 108
10-100Hz
105 to 1013

10-100
-

Ideal op-amp

Practical op-amp

+ AVin
Vin
~

+
Vout Zout=0
Vin Zin
~

Zout

Vout

AVin

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
OP-AMP SATURATION
Vout As mentioned earlier, the maximum output value is the supply voltage, positive and negative. The gain (A) is the slope between saturation points.

Vs

Positive Saturation

Vin

VsNegative Saturation

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Example 1
An 741 op-amp has an open voltage gain of 2 x 105, input resistance of 2 M, and output resistance of 50. The op-amp is used as in circuit below. Find the closed loop gain, vo/vs and determine the current i when vs = 2V

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Example 1

KCL@V1

KCL@V1 For vs=2V, vo = - 3.976 V, v1 = 7.973 x 10-3 V Thus i = 1.992 x 10-4 A

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Example 2
An op-amp has an open voltage gain of 2 x 105, input resistance of 2 M and output resistance of 50 . The op-amp is used as in circuit below. Calculate the closed loop gain, vo/vs and determine the current io when vs = 1 V

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Example 2
KCL@ Node 1

KCL@ Node 2

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Ideal Op Amp:
The following assumptions are made for the ideal op amp. 1. Infinite open loop gain; A

2. Zero output ohms; Ro 0 3. Infinite input ohms; Ri

(a) i1 = i2 = 0: Due to infinite input resistance. (b) Vi is negligibly small; V1 = V2.
+
Vo

i1 = 0

+
V1

_ _
Vi

i2 = 0

+
V2 = V1

+ +

IDEAL OP AMP

Example 1
Calculate the closed loop gain, vo/vs and determine the current io when vs = 1 V for the ideal op amp shown.
Since i1 = 0, the 40-k and 5-k resistors are in series

At node O

when vs 1 V, vo 9 V.

Inverting Amplifier Exercise

Find the output of the op amp circuit shown in figure below.

Vo = -6V

PRACTICAL OP AMP CIRCUITS

Op amp can be connected in a large number of circuits to provide various operating characteristics. In this section, we cover a few more common of these circuit connections. These Op-amp circuits are commonly used:
Inverting Amplifier Non-inverting Amplifier Unity Follower Summing Amplifier Difference Amplifier Integrator Differentiator

PRACTICAL OP AMP CIRCUITS Inverting Amplifier

An inverting amplifier reverses the polarity of the input signal while amplifying it.

But v1 = v2 = 0 for an ideal op amp, since the non-inverting terminal is grounded. Hence,

Inverting Amplifier Example

If vi = 0.5 V, calculate: (a) the output voltage vo, and (b) the current in the 10-k resistor

Inverting Amplifier Example

Find the output of the op amp circuit shown in figure below. Calculate the current through the feedback resistor.

vo=1.2 V, i=10 A.

PRACTICAL OP AMP CIRCUITS Noninverting Amplifier

A non-inverting amplifier is designed to produce positive voltage gain.

v1 = v2 = vi ,

Inverting Amplifier Example

Find the output of the op amp circuit shown in figure below.

By Voltage Divider

Inverting Amplifier Example

Determine the gain of the amplifier in figure below

Vin

+ Vout _ Rf 100k

Ri 4.7k

A = 22.3

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS UNITY FOLLOWER

The unity-follower circuit, provides a gain of unity (1) with no polarity or phase reversal. The most important features of the voltage-follower configuration are very high input impedance very low output impedance. These features make it a nearly ideal buffer amplifier for the: interfacing high-impedance sources low-impedance loads.

A voltage follower used to isolate two cascaded stages of a circuit.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Summing Amplifier is an op amp circuit that combines several inputs and produces an output that is the weighted sum of the inputs.

Summing Amplifier Example

Calculate vo and io in the op amp circuit shown

Summing Amplifier Example

Calculate vo and io in the op amp circuit shown

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

Difference amplifier is a device that amplifies the difference between two inputs but rejects any signals common to the two inputs.

DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE

Design a difference amplifier with gain 5.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS INTEGRATOR

So far, the input and feedback components have been resistors. If the feedback component used is a capacitor, as shown in The resulting connection is called an integrator.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS DIFFERENTIATOR

A differentiator circuit is not as useful as the circuit forms covered above The differentiator does provide a useful operation, the resulting relation for the circuit being

Where the scale factor is RC.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS CASCADED OP AMP CIRCUIT

Practical applications include connecting op-amp circuits in cascade to achieve large overall gain A cascade connection is a head-to-tail arrangement of two or more op-amp circuits such that the output of one is the input of the next Op-amp circuits have the advantage that they can be cascaded without changing their input-output relationships because each op-amp is treated as ideal

CASCADED OP AMP CIRCUIT EXAMPLE 1

Determine vo and io

CASCADED OP AMP CIRCUIT EXERCISE 1

Determine v1 = 4V and v2 = 3V, find Vo

CASCADED OP AMP CIRCUIT EXERCISE 2

Obtain the closed-loop voltage gain Vo /Vi

CASCADED OP AMP CIRCUIT EXERCISE 3

Calculate the output voltage, Vo, in the circuit

End Of Chapter 5 Q & A??