ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

It involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.

HYDROCARBON
an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

C x Hx
Sigma bond
A single bond

 Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes or paraffins) are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species and are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds (pi bond) between carbon atoms.
Alkenes (olefins) has a double bond Alkyne has a triple bond

Naming of Hydrocarbon
CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

n
1 2 3 4 5, 6 so on

ALKANE
METHane ETHane PROPane BUTane PENTane, HEXane so on

ALKENE
_______ ETHene PROPene BUTene PENTene, HEXene so on

ALKYNE
_______ ETHyne PROPyne BUTyne PENTyne, HEXyne so on

Introduction to Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
is the scientific study of the interconversion of

heat and other kinds of energy.

The Nature of Energy

Energy
-is usually defined as the capacity to do work.

The Nature of Energy

Work

-directed energy change resulting from a process.

Types of Energy

Radiant energy

comes from the sun and is

earths primary energy source.

Chemical Energy

Thermal energy

is the energy associated with the

random motion of atoms and molecules.

Types of Energy
Chemical Energy

is stored within the structural

units of chemical substances.

Types of Energy
Potential Energy

is energy available by virtue of an

objects position.

Types of Energy
Kinetic Energy

the energy produced by a

moving object.

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but

it can be transformed from one form to another.

the total quantity of energy in the universe is

assumed constant.

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Heat
is the transfer of thermal energy between two

bodies that are at different temperatures

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Surroundings
are the rest of the universe outside the system.

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Systems
usually include substance involved in chemical

and physical changes.

3 types of systems
Open system Closed system Isolated system

 Open system
can exchange mass and energy, usually in the form of heat with

its surroundings.

Closed system
allows the transfer of energy (heat) but not mass.

Isolated system
does not allow the transfer of either mass or energy.

Exothermic process
any process that gives off heat-that is, transfers

thermal energy to the surroundings.

Endothermic process
in which heat has to be supplied to the system.

Change of Internal Energy

E= Ef-Ei
Ef-internal energies of the system in the final states respectively . Ei-internal energies of the system in the initial states respectively .

The internal energy of a system has two components:

Kinetic energy

Potential Energy

Work and Heat

Work
done by the gas on the surroundings.

W=-P

Work

V= the change in volume is given by Vf-Vi 1L.atm = 101.3 J

Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions

Enthalpy

H=E+PV
H=enthalpy E=is a internal energy of the system P=pressure of the system V=volume of the system

Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions

Enthalpy of Reactions
The difference between the enthalpies of the

products and the enthalpies of the reactants.

Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions

Thermochemical Equations
H=6.01 kJ/mol The per mole in the unit for H means that this is the enthalpy change per mole of the reaction (or process) as it is written.

Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions

A Comparison of H and E E=H-PV E=H-RTn
n=number of moles of product gases-number of moles of reactant gases

Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction

Standard Enthalpy of Formation (Hf)
the sea level reference point for all enthalpy

expressions.

Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction

Standard Enthalpy of Reaction(Hrxn)

The enthalpy of a reaction carried out at 1 atm.

Calorimetry
The measurement of heat changes.

Calorimeter- a device that measured the

heat changes in physical and chemical processes.

Constant-Volume
refers to the volume of the container which

doest not change during the reaction.

Calorimetry
Constant-Volume Calorimetry
heat of combustion is usually measured by

placing a known mass of a compound in a steel container.

Calorimetry
Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
which is used to determine the heat changes for

noncombustion reactions.

1 cal=4.184J

THERMOCHEMISTRY

is the study of heat change in chemical reactions.

Heat

heat is not a state function.

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity

Specific heat (s)- is the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1 gram pf the substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Heat Capacity (C)- is the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of the substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Heat Capacity

C=ms