Plane Stress

Loading
1
x
y
Therefore, the state
of stress at a point
can be defined by
the three
independent
stresses:
o
x
; o
y
; and t
xy

o
x
o
y t
x
y
A
A
REFERENCES:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Principal_stress#Overview

http://www.learnengineering.
org/2013/01/principal-stress-
plane-mohr-circle.html#

www.enduratec.com
Introduction



Stress at a point is resolved into normal
and shear components
When there is no shear stresses acting on
the planes giving the maximum normal
stress acting on the planes.
These planes are called the principal
planes, and stresses normal to these planes
are the principal stresses (1, (2 and (3 which
in general do not coincide with the cartesiancoordinate
axes x, y, z.


When a material is deformed by an external loading,
work done during elastic deformation is stored as
elastic energy and will be recovered when the load is
released.





Objective
4
A
x
y
State of
Stress at A
what
would be
o
x
, o
y
,
and t
xy
?


x
y

u
Copyright
2001
Transformation
5
x
y
x
y

u
A
State of
Stress at A
u
o
x

o
y

t
x
y

t
x
y

o
x
=
?

t
xy
=?

Transformation
6
u t u
o o o o
o 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
'
xy
y x y x
x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
u t u
o o
t 2 os 2 in
2
' c s
xy
y x
xy
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Solving equilibrium
equations for the wedge
Principal Planes & Principal
Stresses
7
Principal
Planes
~ are the two planes where the
normal stress (o) is the
maximum or minimum
~ the orientations of the
planes (u
p
) are given by:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

y x
xy
p
o o
t
u
2
tan
2
1
1
gives two values
(u
p1
and u
p2
)
~ there are no shear stresses on
principal planes
~ these two planes are mutually
perpendicular
Principal Planes &
Principal Stresses
8
x
u
p
1

u
p
2

90

Orientation of
Principal Planes
Principal Planes & Principal
Stresses
9
Principal
Stresses
~ are the normal stresses (o) acting
on the principal planes
R
y x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
2
1 max
o o
o o
R
y x

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
2
2 min
o o
o o
2
2
2
xy
y x
R t
o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Maximum Shear
(t
max
)
10
~ maximum shear stress occurs on
two mutually perpendicular
planes
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

xy
y x
s
t
o o
u
2
tan
2
1
1
gives two values
(u
s1
and u
s2
)
~ orientations of the two planes
(u
s
) are given by:
t
max
= R
2
2
2
xy
y x
R t
o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Maximum Shear
11
x
u
s
1

u
s
2

90

Orientation of Maximum
Shear Planes
Principal Planes & Maximum
Shear Planes
12
x
Principal
plane
Maximum
shear plane
p
=
s

45

45

Plane Strain Loading
13
x
y
~ where all elements
of the body are
subjected to normal
and shear strains
acting along a plane
(x-y); none
perpendicular to the
plane (z-direction)
c
z
= 0;
xz
=
0;
zy
= 0
Plane Strain
Transformation
14
Similar to previous
derivations. Just replace
o by c,
and
t by
/2
Plane Strain
Transformation
15
Sign
Convention:
Shear strain ( ): decreasing
angle positive
e.g
.,
Normal strains (c
x
and c
y
):
extension positive
x
y
bef
ore
x
y
afte
r
c
x

positi
ve

c
y

negati
ve


positi
ve
Plane Strain
Transformation
16
u

u
c c c c
c 2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
'
xy y x y x
x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
u

u
c c
2 os
2
2 in
2 2
'
c s
xy y x xy
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Same format as
the stress
transformation
equations
Principal Strains
17
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

y x
xy
p
c c

u
1
tan
2
1
Gives two values
(u
p1
and u
p2
)
~ maximum (c
1
) and minimum (c
2
)
principal strains
~ occur along two mutually
perpendicular directions, given by:
R
y x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
1
c c
c
R
y x

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
1
c c
c
2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
xy y x
R
c c
Maximum Shear Strain
(
max
)
18

max
/2
= R
2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
xy y x
R
c c
p
=
s

45

References:
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=ignition%
20system%20pdf&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=
0CCkQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ignou.ac.i
n%2Fupload%2Funit%25204.pdf&ei=N7wTUufENsi
XrAfn24EQ&usg=AFQjCNEqTMr1qLrKhrtETcfCqS
2Fh88vIQ&bvm=bv.50952593,d.bmk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_system#Modern_
ignition_systems
I.C Engines By V.Ganesan ,TMH Punlication.