Group Members

Topics Covered Seismic History & Tectonics Settings Dana McKane & Qingfeng Tang Seismology and Strong Motion & Geotechnical Effects Daniel Lally & Prateek Sangal Structural Damage & Social & Economical Impacts Michael Dargham & Orest Alickolli

Overview
January 12, 2010 at 4:53 pm local time Mw = 7.0 25 km west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti Over 200,000 killed

Tectonic Setting
Haiti occupies the western part of the island of Hispaniola. Island of Hispaniola is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is seismically active and has a history of destructive earthquakes. It is in the vicinity of the boundary of the Caribbean tectonic plate and the North American tectonic plate.

Fault

The strike-slip fault within this area consists two branches, the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in the south and the Septentrional-Oriente fault in the north. Its location suggested that the 2010 Haiti Earthquake was caused by a rupture of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault, which had been locked for 250 years while the stress was accumulating.

 However, a study published in May 2010 suggested that the rupture process may have involved slip on multiple blind thrust faults with only minor, deep, lateral slip along or near the main EnriquilloPlantain Garden fault zone, suggesting that the event only partially relieved centuries of accumulated left-lateral strain on a small part of the plate-boundary system. (Animation)

Tectonic setting
According to the analysis results from Anthony Sladen, Caltech,(2010) the solution is made of one major slip patch stretched about 20 km west and updip from the epicenter. The slip is mostly left-lateral, with a significant component of thrust motion.

Seismic History

 June 7, 1692 Port Royal, Jamaica October-November, 1751 Azua, Dominican Republic ; Port-au-Prince, Haiti June 3, 1770 Port-au-Prince, Haiti January 14, 1907 Kingston, Jamaica
Mw = 6.5 MI = 7.5 Azua - MI = 7.4-7.5 Port-au-Prince - MI = 6.6

Ms = 7.5

SeismologyMagnitude and Epicenter

4:53pm local time, January 12, 2010
Mw = 7.0

Depth = 10 km

Earthquake Epicenter
18.458N, 72.533W ~25 km southwest of Port-au-Prince

Seismic Moment
Released in only 6 seconds

Seismology Slip Motion and Distribution

This cross-section shows slip Slip occurred at various distribution from the earthquakes magnitudes primarily at a left- epicenter lateral orientation Based on: Strike=262 21 teleseismic P wavefronts Dip=70 16 teleseismic SH wavefronts Port-au-Prince affected significantly

Strong MotionPGA and Intensity

Severely high urban population density 2.5 million felt extreme or violent shaking PGA along Fault Rupture Trace >0.65g IX and X Intensity Rating (Modified Mercalli Scale)
Damages: Extreme Well-built structures destroyed

Others damaged, shifted off foundations

Large landslides

SeismologyAftershocks
At least 42 aftershock earthquakes recorded
Moment magnitudes typically rating 4-5.5 Various locations Remaining buildings affected

Jan. 12 Mw=7.0

Not as deadly to humans

Primary aftershock
Jan. 20 Mw=5.9
January 20 (8 days later)

Mw = 5.9
Depth = 9.9 km ~59 km from Port-au-Prince

Geotechnical Aspects
Haitis name derives from Arawak place name Ayti (Mountainous Land). Linear Valleys, Uplifted Mountains, Shutter Ridges, Sag Ponds, Elliptical Basins dominate the geography of the Southern Peninsula

Possible Mechanisms
The area near Port au Prince is prominent in thick Quaternary Alluvium Deposits, which are prone to amplified shaking. Basin Margin Effects. Landslides on MioPliocene and older Limestone Bedrock. Landslides on steep mountainous zones.

Surface Faulting

Most affected area : Fault Line Zone (i.e. From Port au Prince to Leogane) Type of Soil : Soft, Organic Swampy Cause of Failure : Poor gradation of soil and cracks appearing at discrete fills.

Coastal Uplift
Upliftment caused due to Strike Slip Fault EPGFZ. Length of the Uplift = 8 km. north of the fault line. The estimated uplift = 50 cm. based on elevation differences between pre-event high tide marks on a seawall.

An Aerial View of the uplifted coral zone in Logane

Live Corals confirm the uplift of the Coral Zone in Logane

Liquefaction
Large Scale Liquefaction observed on the coastline north of the fault line. Major reason of Liquefaction : No transition between between the mountain front the coastal zone. Discrete soil zones.

Pre and Post Earthquake Images at a village near Fouche

Landslides

Fig : A Representation of the points where landslides were experienced(marked by red dots).

Landslides
Landslide Near Provence due to steep slopes

Landslides
Landslide Dams

Landslides
Left: Over steepening of slopes in Quarries (<1/3H:1V). Observed toppling of large boulders.

Over steepening of slopes in Quarries (<1/3H:1V). Observed toppling of large boulders.

Landslides
Vertical Slopes Surviving with minimum Debris

Well Graded Slope with embankment

Lateral Spreading

Large Scale Lateral Spreading at the Port Area of Port au Prince

Structural Failures
Timber Frames Historic Structures Unreinforced Masonry

Reinforced Concrete Structural Failure Reinforced Concrete

Modern Buildings

Steel Structures

Frames with Infill Masonry

Timber Frame
Residential Structures Diagonal members: light & flexible Colombage: Timber frame with masonry infill.
Allows for energy dissipation

Deteriorated Wood reduced strength and stiffness.

Unreinforced Masonry
Lack of steel reinforcement. Weak masonry at supports. Masonry not confined adequately.

Reinforced Concrete
Large Footprint large seismic forces Rigid first floor & extremely heavy roof Soft-storey at midheight Concrete deterioration

Reinforced Concrete (Modern)

No specific building code Hand-mixed poor quality concrete.
No ductile behavior Poor bonding

No steel reinforcement. detailing

Large transverse spacing Shear failure

Masonry Buildings
Lateral loading resisting system comprised of column-slab interaction Masonry walls non-structural and often of poor quality. Column-wall interaction led to localized damage. Slender columns under P- effect caused: Overturning and out-of plane failure of walls. Alternate construction: Confined Masonry Improved performance due to interlocking between columns and masonry.

Socio-Economical Aspect
220,000 people dead and 330,000 injured. 105,000 homes destroyed and 208,000 damaged. 1300 educational institutions, 50 medical centers, and 13 out of 15 governmental buildings. Second deadliest earthquake in history. Economical Loss: 7.8 billion (120% of GDP)
* Data from EERI Special Earthquake Report May 2010 as reported by Haitian Government.

Post-Earthquake Social Impacts

1.3 million people displaced from their homes, living in 465 IDP camps 13 government buildings collapses, as well as UN headquarters and of schools. 30,000 commercial buildings destroyed. Holy Trinity Church and Cathedral de Notre Dame destroyed.

Path to Recovery
Debris Removal and Management Shelter Land Ownership Human Capacity Chile Model

References
"Map of Haiti." World Atlas. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. Amos, Jonathan (13 January 2010). "Haiti quake: The worst of places for a big tremor". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010. "Haiti Earthquake". Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science University of Colorado. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010. Anthony Sladen, Caltech (2010). Preliminary Result01/12/2010 (Mw 7.0), Haiti. January, 12, 2010. Retrieved from http://tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2010_haiti/#slip O'Loughlin, Karen Fay., and James F. Lander. Caribbean Tsunamis: A 500-year History from 1498-1998. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2003. Print. Bakun, William K., Claudia H. Flores, and Uri S. ten Brick. "Significant Earthquakes on the Enriquillo Fault System, Hispaniola, 15002010: Implications for Seismic Hazard."Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102.1 (2012): 18-30. Print. Rathje, Ellen, Jeff Bachhuber, Brady Cox, Jim French, Russell Green, Scott Olson, Glenn Rix, Donald Wells, and Oscar Suncar. "Geotechnical Engineering Reconnaissance of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake." (2010). http://www.geerassociation.org/GEER_Post%20EQ%20Reports/Haiti_2010/Cover_Haiti10.html "Earthquake History for January 14th." Today in Earthquake History. USGS, 02 Oct. 2012. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. Event Recap Report: 1/12/10 Haiti Earthquake. Aon Benfield. Aon.com, 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. <http://www.aon.com/attachments/reinsurance/201001_ab_if_event_recap_haiti_earthquake_impact_forecasting. pdf>.

References
"Aftershock Mapping." Aftershock Mapping. United States Geological Survey, 4 Mar. 2010. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. <http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/aftershocks/?event=2010rja6>. "Haiti Rocked by Strong Aftershock One Week after Earthquake." The Telegraph. N.p., 20 Jan. 2010. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7035693/Haiti-rockedby-strong-aftershock-one-week-after-earthquake.html>. "United States Geological Survey." Editorial. USGS. National Earthquake Information Center, 19 Jan. 2010. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2010/20100112_lo.pdf>. Slaten, Anthony. "Slip-History Database :: 2010 Haiti Earthquake." Slip-History Database: 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Caltech, 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2010_haiti/>. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. EERI Special Earthquake Report, May 2010. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://www.eeri.org/site/images/eeri_newsletter/2010_pdf/Haiti_Rpt_2.pdf>. "Haiti Earthquake Clearinghouse." Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Earthquake Clearinghouse, Mar. 2012. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. <http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/20100112-haiti/category/structural>. McMahan, Stacey. "Constructing a Safer Haiti." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 15 Aug. 2011. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stacey-mcmahan/constructing-a-safer-haiti_b_927072.html>. University of Washington. "Earthquake engineers release report on damage in Haiti."ScienceDaily, 23 Feb. 2010. Web. 9 Mar. 2013.

Liquefaction

Liquefaction induced failures experienced up to 38 km. from epicenter and 26 km. from fault plane. Most energy released between 6-8 sec. which is short for M 7 earthquake, which means limited number of loading cycles. Thus, minimized zones experienced liquefaction Mostly observed in:
fill soils to reclaim land in urban areas; Delta fan lobes in coastal areas (e.g. Port au Prince Bay)

Not observed in:

Inland Drainages