TELECOMMUNICATION TRANSMISSION AND SWITCHING SYSTEMS

Lecture 01 2013 Instructor: Engr. Arifa Saher Spring

Objectives

To equip the students with skills and knowledge of the current and future telecommunication networks

It assumes students have a background in

Communication

Systems Computer Communication Networks

Books

Text:
Telecommunication

Switching, Networks by J. E. Flood Switching Networks by V. S. Bagad

Traffic

and

Reference:
Telecommunication

Systems

and

Marking Scheme

30% Mid Term Exam

12% Quiz

8% Assignme nt

50% Final Exam

Theory Total

100%

75% ATTENDANCE IS MANDATORY FOR SITTING IN THE FINAL EXAM

Course Outline

Development of Telecommunication Telecommunication Transmission Telecommunication Traffic Telecommunication Switching Systems Signaling techniques Public Switched Data networks (PSDN) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Telecommunication Network

A telecommunications network consists of

Transmission

systems Switching systems Stations

Transmission Systems

Transmission (abbreviation: Tx):

is the process of sending and propagating an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-tomultipoint transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber or wireless.

Transmission System:

is a system that transmits a signal from one place to another. The signal can be an electrical, optical or radio signal. carries messages from an originating station to one or more distant stations. is engineered and installed in sufficient quantity to provide a quality of service compatible with the cost and expected benefits.

Transmission Systems
Source

Transmission Medium

Destination

The source may be a simple telephone microphone, keyboard The destination may be a simple telephone speaker, monitor

Source

Medium

Medium

Medium

Destination

It can be a single electrical medium, or a cascade of electrical media

Switching systems

Switching systems are an assembly of switching and control devices provided so that any station in a communications system may be connected as desired with any other station.
To enable the transmission facilities to be shared, stations are connected to and reached through switching system nodes that are part of most telecommunications networks. Switching Systems act under built-in control to direct messages toward their ultimate destination or address.

High Availability Network Design Simplified Using Virtual Switching System

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/switches/ps5718/ps9336/images/prod_qas0900aecd806ed74b-2.jpg

Review of Telecommunications

Development of Telecommunications

1837: Beginning of electrical communication, invention of Telegraph by Wheatstone and Morse 1876: Invention of Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell 1878: Opening of the first Telephone Exchange, at New Haven, Connecticut.

Global Telephony Trends

2008: 1.27 billion fixed line subscribers according to ITU At the end of 2011:
mobilecellular subscriptions reached almost 6 billion corresponding to a global penetration of 86%. more than 1 billion mobilebroadband subscriptions worldwide. 590 million fixed (wired)broadband subscriptions worldwide. 2.3 billion people were online.
Total

Global ICT developments 20012011

Global ICT developments, 2001-2011
100 90 80 70
Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions Individuals using the Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions

Per 100 inhabitants

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database

Business of Telecommunication

Involves various participants. These include:

The

public telecommunication Operators (PTO) Providers of Services that involve telecommunications Manufacturers of equipment and components
Both

hardware and software

Financial

investors Governments The users

who

must pay charges to cover the cost of providing the network so they are referred to as Subscribers or Customers

Telephony in action

Two-way communication is required, on demand, between any pair of stations It must be possible for many conversations to take place at the same time How?

Network Structures
User1 User 5 User 2 User 1 User 2 User 3 User 6 User 5 User 4 User 7

User1
User 8

Hub1

User2

User 4

User 3

User3
N=1 HUB Hub2 User4 User5 User6 User7
User 2

Ring Network
Us er1 Us er 4 Us er 3

N=1

Bus Network
User 1

Us er 2

User 5

Hub

Hub3

User8
User9

User 4

User 3

Mesh Network N=1/2n(n-1) Star Network N=n

Tree Network

Exchange

Solution can be provided by connecting a line from each users station to the central switching center/telephone exchange a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls

Area with a single

Area with several

Telecommunication networks hierarchy

L L

L L L L
Junction circuits

L T L L

A National Public Switched Telecommunication Network (PSTN) consists of:

Local network

connects customers station to their local exchanges. These are also called subscribers distribution networks, customer access networks or the customer loop.

Junction networks

Junction Network Multi exchange area. L= Local Exchange T=Tandem Exchange

interconnects a group of local exchanges serving as area and a tandem or trunk exchange.
which circuits provides between long-distance local areas

The trunk network or toll network

National Telecommunication Network

Satellite Links and Submarine Cables International Gateway Exchange (Centre de Transit3) National Tandem Exchanges (tertiary trunk switching centres)
Regional Tandem Exchanges (Secondary trunk switching centres) Local Tandem Exchanges (Primary trunk switching centres) Local Exchanges Customer Lines International Network PBX Trunk Network Junction Network Core Network nodes

Local Network

Elements of a Telecommunication Network

Transmission System Switching System Signaling system

Responsible

for interchange of information

Which are made up by interconnecting

Customer

nodes Switching nodes Transmission nodes Service nodes

Network Services

Customers of a PTO may require different services which appear to require different networks. Examples include:
Public

Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) The Public Switched Telegraph Network (Telex) Private Networks for voice and data Radio networks providing mobile communication Public data networks (PDN) Special Service Networks

Network Services Continued..

Visua l

PD N

Tele x

PC

PST N

Transmission Bearer Network

Customers are connected to transmission bearer network at their local exchange via the local access network or local loop. The services provided over the telecommunication network can thus be divided into two categories: Teleservices Provision of the service depends on particular terminal apparatus ( e.g. telephone or tele-printer). Bearer Services Present the customer with transmission capacity that can be used for any desired function (e.g. private circuits)

Loo p

1.

2.

Terminology
North American Customers Loop Central office End Office Class 5 Office Inter-office Trunk Junctor Toll Office Junction Trunk Trunk Exchange British Local network Access Network Exchange Local Exchange

Toll network

Trunk Network

Assignment no. 1

Write a note, with the help of diagram/s, explaining the ISO reference model for Open System Interconnection.