Boiler

About
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications

Overview
Construction of boilers is mainly limited to carbon steel, stainless steel, and cast iron. The source of heat for a boiler is combustion of fuels. Electric boilers use resistance or immersion type heating elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam.

Types
Pot boiler Fire-tube boiler Water-tube boiler Superheated steam boilers

Pot boiler
Pot boiler or Haycock boiler A primitive "kettle" where a fire heats a partially-filled water container from below.

Fire-tube boiler
Water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume left. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases.

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Barrel extends from the firebox and the hot gases pass through a bundle. Usually have a comparatively low rate of steam production, but high steam storage capacity.

Water-tube boiler
In this type,the water tubes are arranged inside a furnace in a number of possible configurations The lower ones containing water and the upper ones, steam. In other cases, such as a monotube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils.

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This type generally gives high steam production rates, but less storage capacity than the above.
Water tube boilers can be be designed to exploit any heat source including nuclear fission

Superheated steam boilers

Superheated steam boilers boil the water and then further heat the steam in a superheater. This provides steam at much higher temperature, and can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the steam plan.

Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns.

Accessories
Boiler fittings Steam accessories Combustion accessories

Boiler fittings
Safety valve: used to relieve pressure and prevent possible explosion of a boiler. Water level indicators: to show the operator the level of fluid in the boiler, a water gauge or water column is provided

Bottom blowdown valves

Surface blowdown line Circulating pump Feedwater check valve or clack valve: a nonreturn stop valve in the feedwater line

Steam accessories
Main steam stop valve Steam traps Main steam stop/Check valve used on multiple boiler installations

Combustion accessories
Fuel oil system

Gas system
Coal system Automatic combustion systems

Other essential items

Pressure gauges Feed pumps Fusible plug Inspectors test pressure gauge attachment Name plate Registration plate

Controlling draft
Most boilers now depend on mechanical draft equipment rather than natural draft. There are three types of mechanical draft: Induced draft: In this the flue gas is less dense than the ambient air surrounding the boiler.

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Forced draft: Draft is obtained by forcing
air into the furnace by means of a fan and ductwork. Air is often passed through an air heater. Balanced draft: Balanced draft is obtained through use of both induced and forced draft. This is more common with larger boilers where the flue gases have to travel a long distance through many boiler passes.

Supercritical steam generators

used for the production of electric power.
In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a high pressure

Hydronic boilers
Hydronic boilers are used in generating heat typically for residential uses.

The hydronic boiler operates by way of heating water to a preset temperature. The fluid can be heated by natural gas is currently the most economical and.

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