Project By Mohammed Mahmooduddin Syed Abbas Noori

Syed Obaidur Rahman

Under guidance of Mrs. Ajaz Fatima(internal) Mr. M.A. Ahmed(external)

PROJECT

To design the switchyard is to evacuate the power from 375 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant.

Purpose: The substations are very much essential to Evacuate power from generating stations. Transmit to the load centers. Distribute to the utilities & ultimate consumers

WHY SUBSTATIONS ?
The Electrical power generation from Hydel, Thermal,

Nuclear and other generating stations has to be evacuated to load centers. The generation voltage is limited to 15/18 KV due to the limitation of the rotating machinery. This bulk power has to be stepped up to higher voltages depending on quantum of power generated and distance to the load centers. Again the power has to be stepped down to different lower voltages for transmission and distribution

TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS
The substations are classified as

a)Generating substations (Switchyard) b) Grid substations c) Switching stations d) Secondary substations.

Generating substations (Switchyard)

The generating substations are step up stations as the

generation voltage needs to be stepped up to the primary transmission voltage so that huge blocks of power can be transmitted over long distances to load centers

grid substations
The grid substations are created at suitable load

centers along the primary transmission lines

Switching stations
Switching stations are provided in between lengthy primary transmission lines To avoid switching surges. For easy segregation of faulty zones. For providing effective protection to the system in the A.C. network. The switching stations also required wherever the EHT line are to be tapped and line to be extended to different load centers without any step down facility at the switching stations. The number of outgoing lines will be more than the incoming lines, depending on the load points

Secondary substations
Secondary substations are located at actual load points

along the secondary transmission lines where the voltage is further stepped down to sub transmission & primary distribution voltage. Distribution substations are created where the subtransmission voltage and primary distribution voltage are stepped down to supply voltage and feed the actual consumers through a network of distribution and service lines.

TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION COLLECTOR SUBSTATION CONVERSION SUBSATION SWITCHING SUBSTATION

ADJUST THE ABOVE HERE

SELECTION OF SITE

Selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub Station is the first and important activity. This needs meticulous planning, fore-sight, skillful observation and handling so that the selected site is technically, environmentally, economically and socially optimal and is the best suited to the requirements.

 What are the predicted future energy requirements of the community? SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY What is the land zoning of the site and its proximity to residents? What is the likely visual impact, considering the direct line of sight, substation height and visual screening options? Can the substation be located as to not disturb surrounding residents and if not, can a design solution be determined?

Are there any potential impacts on declared rare flora or fauna, priority flora or threatened ENVIRONMENTAL ecological communities? Is the site likely to impact an underground water protection area or wetland system? Is a design option likely to impact on any known Indigenous or European heritage sites?

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
Is the location close to the load area that it will service? Is the substation located as close as possible to existing transmission lines, from which it will draw its power? Does the site allow for connection of in-coming transmission lines and out-going underground distribution lines? Is the site far enough away from underground copper cables (eg. telecommunications cables) and the steel pipelines used by gas and water companies, so that earthing and voltage induction issues can be avoided. Where this cannot be avoided, costs to mitigate are extreme. Could a standard design be accommodated on the site, or are there special design considerations? Physical constraints such as slope, geology, water table and flooding. Engineering features such as vehicle access, earthworks and services.

ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS
As a regulated body, can we satisfy the Economic Regulation Authority that the most cost effective solution has been identified? What alternative solutions are available? Can cost effective improvements to the design reduce the visual impacts on the community?

REQUIREMENT OF LAND/AREA
The site should have sufficient area to properly accommodate the Sub Station buildings ,structures ,equipments, etc. and should have the sufficient area for future extension of the buildings and / or switchyard. The requirement of land for construction of Sub SUBSTATION 1. 400 kV 20.0 Hectare 2. 220 kV 6.0 Hectare 3. 132 kV 3.5 Hectare While preparing proposals for acquisition of private land and allotment of Government.

SYSTEM BUSES
The main criterias to be considered during selection of one particular Bus Bar Arrangement Scheme among others i. Simplicity of system (ii) Easy maintenance of different equipments. (iii) Minimizing the outage during maintenance. (iv) Future provision of extension with growth of demand (v) Optimizing the selection of bus bar arrangement scheme so that it gives maximum return from the system.

Types of system

 This is combination of the double bus system and main and transfer bus system. In Double Bus System with Bypass Isolators either bus can act as main bus and second bus as transfer bus. It permits breaker maintenance without interruption of power which is not possible in double bus system but it provides all the advantages of double bus system. It however requires one additional isolator (bypass isolator) for each feeder circuit and introduces slight complication in system layout. Still this scheme is best for optimum economy of system and it is best optimum choice for 220KV system.

DOUBLE BUS SYSTEM WITH BYPASS ISOLATORS

EQUIPMENTS COMMONLY FOUND IN

SWITCHYARD
Lightening arrestor Current transformer Voltage transformer Power transformers / I.C.T. Bus bar and clamp fittings Support structure Isolators Circuit Breaker Wave traps

EQUIPMENTS IN A SUB-STATION
Transformers : - Transforms the voltage levels from higher to lower level or vice versa, keeping the power constant.
Instrument transformers : - For stepping-down the electrical parameter (Voltage or Current) to a lower and safe value for Metering and Protection logics.

Earth switch : - Used to connect the charged body to ground to discharge the trapped charge to have a safe maintenance zone Lightning arrestors : - Safe guards the equipment by discharging the high currents due to Lightning.

Overhead earth wire : - Protects the O/H transmission line from Lightning strokes. Wave Traps/Line traps : - Used in PLCC circuits for Communication and Protection of Transmission lines

EQUIPEMENTS

Reactive Power control devices : - Controls the reactive power imbalance in the grid by switching ON/OFF the Shunt Reactors, Shunt Capacitors etc., Current Limiting Reactors : - Limits the Short circuit currents in case of faulty conditions

 Circuit breakers

EQUIPMENT IN BUS COUPLER BAY

Makes or automatically breaks the electrical circuits under Loaded condition Interrupting short-circuit current Reliable protection of motors Protection of leads and its optimum utilisation Protection of installations Integration in the control circuit Switching under normal service conditions Disconnecting function

isolators
Operates under off-load conditions Physically isolates the electric circuit Does not have any current making & breaking capacity Used in addition to C.B.