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The Member of ;
Rahadiyen Randi 61 Abdul Malik Azel 19 Rinaldi 64 Dedi Sanjaya 52 Saut Sinaga 29
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With our Experiment ;

Electrolysis of Copper ; The Faraday

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The purpose of this experiment is two fold : first, to verify the stoichiometry of an electrolysis reaction. second, to measure the faraday and then determine Avogadros number.

Historical Note ;
In 1800, Alessandro Volta reported the generation of electricity from a pile of alternating plates of silver and zinc, separated by cloth soaked in brine. Later in same year, Nicholson and Carlyle reported the decomposition of water by electric current into hydrogen and oxygen. A few years later, Davy isolated the elements sodium and potassium by electrolysis of their fused salts. Solutions of salts also were decomposed with electric currents. In the Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society (London) of 1831-1834, appear reports by Michael Faraday of his experiment in electricity and electrochemistry. Faraday reported the first method of quantitatively measuring amounts of electric current. He invented a device that he called a Volta-Electrometer in which the volume of hydrogen evolved by passing the current could be measured.

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He reported that water is electrolyzed to hydrogen and oxygen when platinum electrodes are used, but when copper electrodes are substituted, no oxygen is formed. Only hydrogen appears at one electrode, and the other copper electrode dissolves. By measuring the amount of a metal dissolved or plated out for a standard volume of hydrogen formed, it was possible to obtain a series of equivalent weights, all based on the same criterion. The result of these experiments were condensed to what are now called Faradays law of electrolysis : the chemical power of a current of electricity is in direct proportion to the absolute quantity of electricity that passes. Note ; Current is measured in amperes, charge is measured in coulombs. An ampere is that current that carries one coulomb of charge past any point in each second. Thus, charge is equal to the product of current and time. A current of 4 amperes flowing for 2 minutes delivers a charge of 480 coulombs. The Faraday is the charge of one mole of electrons, that is, 96,484 coulombs. The charge on one electron is 1.602 x 10-19 coulomb.

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Procedure
Obtain a cooper anode (about 3\2 x 1x 1|16 in) and weight it to the nearest milligram. Fill a 250-ml beaker half full with distilled water, and add 25 ml of 3M H2SO4. Place the beaker of acid under the gas burette and immerse the burette so that the lowermost mark is even with the liquid level. Carefully suck the acid up into the burette, using a rubber tube at the top of the burette tightly with a clamp. If the burette is filled to the very top, it will be necessary to measure the volume of the burette above the last mark, but this can be done later. If the space above the last mark is left filled with air, it is necessary to correct for the compression of this volume of gas during the course of the experiment. Study diagram of the electrolysis setup (figure 1), paying special attention to the anode, cathode, and sign of the battery terminals. Electrons leave the battery from the negative terminal. Position the cathode so that all of the bare part of the wire is well inside the burette. Attach the anode to the clip, but do not immerse it in the acid yet. Place a paper towel beside the beaker . Check your wiring. The ammeter fuse will blow if you make a mistake.

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Decide on a specific time to start, and record this time. Use a watch with a second hand, or the wall clock. At the start time, immerse the anode in the solution. If the current is too large (off the ammeter scale), dilute the acid solution in the beaker. Do not touch or jar the anode as this will change the current. Read the current on the ammeter after 15 seconds have elapsed, and continue to read the current at exactly 30-seconds intervals, listing your readings in a neat column. Stop the electrolysis by removing the anode just before the water level in the burette gets to the lowermost mark. Do not overshoot. As you remove the anode, read the time. Lay the anode on the towel. Record the termination time. Record the burette reading, taking care that the water levels inside and outside the burette are the same. Remove the beaker of acid to your desk where you measure the temperature. Clean around the apparatus for the next person. Read the barometric pressure and subtract 3mm from the reading to correct the barometer to its standard condition at zero degrees. read the temperature of the acid solution.

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Assume that this is also the gas temperature. Obtain the vapor pressure of water at this temperature from a handbook or other reference book. Compute the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas. Compute the volume of dry hydrogen at standard temperature and pressure, and the number of moles of hydrogen. weigh the anode after you have washed and thoroughly dried it. Compute the number of moles of copper consumed. Compute the ratio of moles of hydrogen produced to moles of copper consume. Attribute any deviation from the theoretical value to error, and state your accuracy as a percentage of deviation. Calculate the average of all of your current readings. Calculate the time in second. Calculate the charge transferred. From the number of moles of copper dissolved, compute the number of moles of charge transferred. Compute the charge of one mole of electrons, that is, the Faraday. Compare this value with the accepted value and state your percentage of error. Also compute Avogadros number, knowing the charge of one electron.

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Special Thanks For

Allah SWT Rasulullah SAW

Our Lecturer ; Enung All our Friends in Physics

Seventh Group