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TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Class 1 September 12, 2013

Course Goals and Overview


Information Storage and Management (ISM) is the only course of its kind to provide a comprehensive understanding the varied storage infrastructure components in classic and virtual environments. It enables participants to make informed decisions in an increasingly complex IT environment. It provides a strong understanding of underlying storage technologies and prepares participants for advanced concepts, technologies, and products. Participants will learn the architectures, features, and benefits of intelligent storage systems; storage networking technologies such as FC SAN, IP SAN, NAS, and object-based and unified storage; business continuity solutions such as backup and replication; the increasingly critical area of information security and management, and the emerging field of Cloud computing. 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights 2 reserved . TDC-478 Information Storage and Management This unique, open course focuses on concepts and principles

Course Objectives

Upon successful completion of this course, participants should be able to:

Evaluate storage architectures and key data center elements in classic, virtualized, and cloud environments Explain physical and logical components of a storage infrastructure including storage subsystems, RAID, and intelligent storage systems Describe storage networking technologies such as FC SAN, IP SAN, FCoE, NAS, and object-based and unified storage Articulate business continuity solutionsbackup and replication, and archive for managing fixed content Describe information security requirements and solutions, and identify parameters for managing and 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights monitoring storage infrastructure in classic, virtualized, 3 reserved. TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Course Organization

Module 1 : Introduction to Information Storage Module 2 : Data Center Environment Module 3 : Data Protection RAID Module 4 : Intelligent Storage System Module 5 : Fibre Channel Storage Area Network (FC SAN) Module 6 : IP SAN and FCoE Module 7 : Network-Attached Storage (NAS) Module 8 : Object-based and Unified Storage Module 9 : Introduction to Business Continuity Module 10 : Backup and Archive Module 11 : Local Replication Module 12 : Remote Replication Module 13 : Cloud Computing Module 14 : Securing the Storage Infrastructure Module 15 : Managing the Storage Infrastructure
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Become a Certified EMC Proven Professional!


Information Storage and Management v2 course supports EMC Proven Professional certification. The #1 certification program in the information storage and management industry.
EMC Proven Professional certification details Certification Level Exam Name Credential Name Steps: Associate E10-001 Information Storage and Management Exam Version 2 EMC Proven Professional Information Storage Associate v2 (EMCISA)

Next

1. Assess your level of expertise

2. Validate your expertise


Register for your proctored exam at a Pearson VUE testing center near you.

Take a Free online practice test to identify areas you may need to review.

ForEMC more information, 2012 Corporation. All rights please visit reserved . TDC-478 Information Storage and Management http://education.emc.com/certification.

Why Get Proven?


Being Proven means investing in yourself and formally validating your knowledge, skills, and expertise by the industrys most comprehensive education and certification program.

Get Proven. Join a community of dedicated professionals, share exclusive benefits:


Keep Current - Ensure that your knowledge grows as fast as the pace of technology changes

Receive no-cost Knowledge Maintenance updates on the latest EMC products and technologies.

Learn from in-depth technical papers from our Knowledge Sharing library. Become an advocate for the Information Storage and Management industry.

Lead and Advocate Establish yourself as an industry thought-leader and mentor


Get published. Share your expertise and best practices in our Knowledge Sharing Competition. Connect and Collaborate Join a community of the most trusted professionals in the industry Discuss, share, find answers, or simply connect in our EMC Proven Professional online community. Like Us: Follow Us:

EMC Proven Professional @EMCEducation, @EMCProven 2012 EMC Corporation. All rightshttp://education.EMC.com/ProvenCommunity reserved. TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Certification

Earn your EMC Information Storage Associate Certification!

TDC-478 students are eligible for a 50% discount with a free retake on one exam voucher for $100.00. (The standard exam price is $200.00 USD and allows for one attempt.) Students who are interested in taking this exam should obtain an ISM student exam voucher code from me at the end of the quarter.
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Course Information

Contact Information

E-Mail:

jcannici@cdm.depaul.edu

Office Hours:

Thursdays, 4:15 5:45

Course notes will be available on the Course Online website at http://col.cdm.depaul.edu. It is your responsibility to download and print a copy of the slides before coming to class.
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Course Information (cont.)

Grade Components:

20% 10% 15% 25% 30%

Homework (4 @ 5% each) Exercises (2 @ 5% each) Group Presentations Midterm Exam Final Exam

Midterm Exam will be on October 10th. Final Exam will be on November 21st.
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Homework

4 Homework Assignments.

Must be submitted via COL. Four homework assignments will be given during the term. Late submissions will not be acceptedno exceptions.

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Exercises

Exercises

Two practical exercises will be given during the term. Late submissions will not be acceptedno exceptions.

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Textbook REQUIRED!
Information Storage and Management by EMC - Wiley Publishing Inc. 2012 (ISBN: 978-1-118-09483-9)

Its also available on Kindle!

2012 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

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Chapter 1 Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:


Define data and information Describe types of data Describe the evolution of storage architecture Describe the core elements of a data center List the key characteristics of data center Provide an overview of virtualization and cloud computing

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Why Information Storage

Digital universe The Information Explosion


21st Century is information era Information is being created at ever increasing rate Information has become critical for success

We live in an on-command, on-demand world

Example: Social networking sites, e-mails, video and photo sharing website, online shopping, search engines etc
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2012 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Information management is a big TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Why Information Storage and Management?


Information is the knowledge derived from data Growth of digital information has resulted in information explosion We live in an on-command, on-demand world

We need information when and where required

Increasing dependency on fast and reliable access to information Businesses seek to store, protect, optimize, and leverage the information

To gain competitive advantage To derive new business opportunity


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What is Data?
It is a collection of raw facts from which conclusions may be drawn.

Data is converted into more convenient form Digital Data Factors for digital data growth are:

Digital Movie Movie

Digital Photo Photo

Increase in dataprocessing capabilities Lower cost of digital storage Affordable and faster communication technology

e-Book Book

email Letter

10101011010 00010101011 01010101010 10101011010 00010101011 01010101010 10101010101 01010101010 10101010101


Digital Data

2012 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Proliferation of

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Categories of Data

Data can be classified as either:


PDFs email Attachments Unstructured (90%) X-rays Manuals Instant Messages Documents Web Pages Rich Media Invoices

Structured Unstructured

Majority of data being Images created is unstructured Forms


Contracts

Structured (10%) Database

Audio, Video

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Big Data
It refers to data sets whose sizes are beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, store, manage, and process within acceptable time limits.

Includes both structured and unstructured data generated by variety of sources Big data analysis in real time requires new techniques and tools that provide:

High performance Massively parallel processing (MPP) data platforms Advanced analytics

Big data analytics provide an opportunity to translate large volumes of data into right decisions
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Storage

Data created by individuals/businesses must be stored for further processing Type of storage used is based on the type of data and the rate at which it is created and used Examples:

Individuals: Digital camera, Cell phone, DVDs, Hard disk Businesses: Hard disk, external disk arrays, tape library Centralized: mainframe computers Decentralized: Client/server model Centralized: Storage Networking
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Storage model: An evolution


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TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Storage Technology and Architecture Evolution

LAN

FC SAN

Multi Protocol Router

IP SAN RAID Array SAN / NAS

JBOD Internal DAS

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Time

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Data Center Core Elements


It is a facility that contains storage, compute, network, and other IT resources to provide centralized data-processing capabilities.

Five core elements essential for the basic functionality of a data center:

Application Database Server and Operating System Network Storage Array

These core elements work together to address data-processing requirements


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Data Center: Online Order Transaction System Example


Host/ Compute Client LAN/WA N User Interface Stora ge Netwo rk OS and DBMS Storage Array

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Key Characteristics for a Data Center


Availability Data Integrity Security

Manageability

Performance Scalability

Capacity

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Managing Data Center

Key management activities include

Monitoring

Continuous process of gathering information on various elements and services running in a data center Details on resource performance, capacity, and utilization Configuration and allocation of resources to meet the capacity, availability, performance, and security requirements

Reporting

Provisioning

Virtualization and cloud computing have 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights changed the way center 24 reserved. TDC-478data Information Storage and Management

Virtualization: An Overview

Virtualization is a technique of abstracting physical resources and making them appear as logical resources

For example partitioning of raw disks

Pools physical resources and provides an aggregated view of physical resource capabilities Virtual resources can be created from pooled physical resources

Improves utilization of physical IT resources


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Cloud Computing: An Overview


Enables individuals and organizations to use IT resources as a service over network Enables self-service requesting and automates request-fulfillment process

Enables users to scale up or scale down the usage of computing resources quickly Consumers pay only for the resources they use

Enables consumption-based metering

Example: CPU hours used, amount of data transferred, and Gigabytes of data stored

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Chapter 1 Summary

Key points covered in this lesson:


Data and information Types of data Big data Evolution of storage architecture Core elements of data center Key characteristics of data center Virtualization and cloud computing

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Chapter 2 Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:


Describe the core elements of a data center Describe virtualization at application and host layer Describe disk drive components and performance Describe host access to storage through DAS Describe working and benefits of flash drives

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Data Center Environment

During this lesson the following topics are covered:


Application and application virtualization DBMS Components of host system Compute and memory virtualization

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Application

A software program that provides logic for computing operations Commonly deployed applications in a data center

Business applications email, enterprise resource planning (ERP), decision support system (DSS) Management applications resource management, performance tuning, virtualization Data protection applications backup, replication Security applications authentication, antivirus

Key I/O characteristics of an application

Read intensive vs. write intensive Sequential vs. random I/O size 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights
reserved.

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Application Virtualization
It is the technique of presenting an application to an end user without any installation, integration, or dependencies on the underlying computing platform.

Allows application to be delivered in an isolated environment

Aggregates Operating System (OS) resources and the application into a virtualized container Ensures integrity of Operating System (OS) and applications Avoids conflicts between different applications or different versions of the same application

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Database Management System (DBMS)

Database is a structured way to store data in logically organized tables that are interrelated

Helps to optimize the storage and retrieval of data

DBMS controls the creation, maintenance, and use of databases


Processes an applications request for data Instructs the OS to retrieve the appropriate data from storage
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Popular DBMS examples are MySQL, 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights Oracle RDBMS, SQL Server, etc. reserved. TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Host

Resource that runs applications with the help of underlying computing components

Example: Servers, mainframes, laptop, desktops, tablets, server clusters, etc.

Consists of hardware and software components Hardware components

Include CPU, memory, and input/output (I/O) devices Include OS, device driver, file system, volume manager, and so on
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Software components

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Operating Systems and Device Driver

In a traditional environment OS resides between the applications and the hardware

Responsible for controlling the environment

In a virtualized environment virtualization layer works between OS and hardware


Virtualization layer controls the environment OS works as a guest and only controls the application environment In some implementation OS is modified to communicate with virtualization layer

Device driver is a software that enables the OS to recognize the specific device
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Memory Virtualization

An OS feature that presents larger memory to the application than physically available

Additional memory space comes from disk storage Space used on the disk for virtual memory is called swap space/swap file or page file Inactive memory pages are moved from physical memory to the swap file Provides efficient use of available physical memory Data access from swap file is slower use of 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights 35 reserved. TDC-478 Information Storage and best Management flash drives for swap space gives

Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

Responsible for creating and controlling host level logical storage

Logical Storage

Physical view of storage is converted to a logical view by mapping Logical data blocks are mapped to physical data blocks

LVM

Usually offered as part of the operating system or as third party host software LVM Components:

Physical Volumes Volume Groups Logical Volumes


TDC-478 Information Storage and Management 36 Physical Storage

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Volume Groups
Logical Volume

One or more Physical Volumes form a Logical Volume Logical Disk Block Volume Group LVM manages Volume Groups as a single entity Physical Volumes can be added and removed from a Volume Group as necessary Physical Volumes are typically Physical Volume 2 Physical Volume 3 divided into contiguous Physical equal-sized disk blocks Disk Block Volume Group A host will always have at least one disk group for the OS

Application and Operating System data maintained in separate volume groups 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights
reserved.

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LVM Example: Partitioning and Concatenation


Servers

Logical Volume

Physical Volume

Partitioning

Concatenation

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How Files are Moved to and from Storage


File System Blocks Users Files File System

1
Creates/ Manages

2
Reside in

3
Mapped to

Disk Sectors

Disk Physical Extents

LVM Logical Extents

6
Mapped to

5
Mapped to

4
Mapped to

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Compute Virtualization
It is a technique of masking or abstracting the physical compute hardware and enabling multiple operating systems (OSs) to run concurrently on a single or clustered physical machine(s).

Enables creation of multiple virtual machines (VMs), each running an OS and application

VM is a logical entity that looks and behaves like physical machine

Virtualization Layer (Hypervisor)


x86 Architecture

Virtualization layer resides between hardware and VMs

Also known as hypervisor


CPU

NIC Card Memory

VMs are provided with 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights standardized hardware reserved. TDC-478 resources

Hard Disk

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Need for Compute Virtualization

x86 Architecture

Virtualization Layer (Hypervisor) x86 Architecture

Before Virtualization

CP U

NIC Card

Memor y

Hard Disk

CPU

NIC Card

After Virtualization

Memor y

Hard Disk

Runs single operating system (OS) per machine at a time Couples s/w and h/w tightly May create conflicts when multiple applications run on the same machine Underutilizes resources Is inflexible and expensive
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Runs multiple operating systems (OSs) per physical machine concurrently Makes OS and applications h/w independent Isolates VM from each other, hence, no conflict Improves resource utilization

Offers flexible infrastructure at low cost 41 TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Desktop Virtualization
It is a technology which enables detachment of the user state, the Operating System (OS), and the applications from endpoint devices.

Enables organizations to host and centrally manage desktops

Pcs and thin clients

Desktops run as virtual machines within the data center and accessed over a network

LAN/WAN

Desktop virtualization benefits

Desktop VMs

Flexibility of access due to enablement of thin clients security


TDC-478 Information Storage and Management 42

2012 EMC Corporation. All rights Improved data reserved.

It is a technology which enables detachment of the user state, the Operating System (OS), and the applications from endpoint devices.

Desktop Virtualization

Desktop Virtualization

Enables organizations to host


and centrally manage desktops
Desktops run as virtual machines

Pcs and thin clients

within the data center and accessed over a network

Desktop virtualization benefits


Flexibility of access due to

LAN/WAN

enablement of thin clients Improved data security Simplified data backup and PC maintenance
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Desktop VMs

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Connectivity

Interconnection between hosts or between a host and any storage devices Physical Components of Connectivity are:

Host interface card, port and cable

Protocol = a defined format for communication between sending and receiving devices

Popular storage interface protocols: IDE/ATA Host and SCSI Cable Adapter
Disk Port
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Connectivity Protocol

Protocol = a defined format for communication between sending and receiving devices

Tightly Connected Entities

Directly Attached Entities

Network Connecte d Entities

Tightly connected entities such as central processor to RAM, or storage buffers to controllers (example PCI) Directly attached entities connected at moderate distances such as host to storage (example IDE/ATA) Network connected entities such as networked hosts, NAS or SAN (example SCSI or FC)
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Popular Connectivity Options: IDE/ATA and Serial ATA

Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) / Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)


Most popular interface used with modern hard disks Good performance at low cost Inexpensive storage interconnect Used for internal connectivity Serial version of the IDE/ATA specification that has replaced the parallel ATA Inexpensive storage interconnect, typically used for internal connectivity Provides data transfer rate up to 6 Gb/s (standard 3.0)Hot-pluggable
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Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)

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Popular Connectivity Options: SCSI and SAS

Parallel Small computer system interface (SCSI)

Popular standard for connecting host and peripheral devices

Commonly used for storage connectivity in servers

Higher cost than IDE/ATA, therefore not popular in PC environments Available in wide variety of related technologies and standards Support up to 16 devices on a single bus Ultra-640 version provides data transfer speed up to 640 MB/s

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)

Point-to-point serial protocol replacing parallel SCSI Supports 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights data transfer rate up to 6 Gb/s (SAS 2.0)
reserved.

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Popular Connectivity Options: Fibre Channel and IP

Fibre Channel (FC)

Widely used protocol for high speed communication to the storage device Provides a serial data transmission that operates over copper wire and/or optical fiber Latest version of the FC interface 16FC allows transmission of data up to 16 Gb/s Traditionally used to transfer host-to-host traffic Provide opportunity to leverage existing IP based network for storage communication

Internet Protocol (IP)


Examples: iSCSI and FCIP protocols

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Storage: Medias and Options

Magnetic Tape

Low cost solution for long term data storage

Preferred option for backup destination in the past Sequential data access Single application access at a time Physical wear and tear Storage/retrieval overhead Optical Disks

Limitations

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Storage: Medias and Options

Optical discs

Popularly used as distribution medium in small, singleuser computing environments Limited in capacity and speed Write once and read many (WORM): CD-ROM, DVD-ROM Other variations: CD-RW, Blu-ray discs Most popular storage medium Large storage capacity Random read/write access Uses semiconductor media Provide high performance and low power consumption
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Disk drive

Flash drives

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Disk Drive Components

Controller

HDA

Interface

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Power Connector

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Physical Disk Structure


Spindle Track Sector Sector

Cylinder

Track Platter

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Logical Block Addressing


Sector 10 Head 0 Block (Upper 0 Block (Lower 8

Surface) Surface)
Block 16

ylinder 2

Block 32

Block 48 Logical Block Address= Block# (b)

Physical Address= CHS 2012 EMC Corporation.(a) All rights reserved.

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Disk Drive Performance

Electromechanical device

Impacts the overall performance of the storage system Time taken by a disk to complete an I/O request is sum of

Disk Service Time

Seek Time Rotational Latency Data Transfer Rate

Disk service time = seek time + rotational latency + data transfer time
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Disk Drive Performance: Seek Time

Time taken to position the read/write head Lower the seek time, the faster the I/O operation Seek time specifications include:

Full stroke Average Track-to-track

Radial Moveme nt

The seek time of a disk is specified by the drive manufacturer


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2012 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Disk Drive Performance: Rotational Speed/Latency

The time taken by platter to rotate and position the data under the R/W head Depends on the rotation speed of the spindle Average rotational latency

One-half of the time taken for a full rotation Approx. 5.5 ms for 5400rpm drive Approx. 2.0 ms for 15000rpm drive

Rotational delay (in sec) = 0.5/ 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights (RPM/60)
reserved.

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Disk Drive Performance: Data Transfer Rate

Average amount of data per unit time that the drive can deliver to the HBA

Internal Transfer Rate

Speed at which data moves from a platters surface to the internal buffer of the disk Rate at which data move through the interface to the HBA
Internal transfer rate measured here

External Transfer Rate

External transfer rate measured here

Disk Drive
Head Disk Assembly

HBA

Interface

Buffer

2012 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Transfer time = Block size/Transfer rate


TDC-478 Information Storage and Management 57

Fundamental Laws Governing Disk Performance

Littles Law

Describes the relationship between the number of requests in a queue and the response time. N=aR

N is the total number of requests in the system a is the arrival rate R is the average response time

Utilization law

Defines the I/O controller utilization U = a RS


U is the I/O controller utilization


I/O Queue

RS is the service time


5 4 3 2 1
I/O Controller

Arrival

Processed I/O Request

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Controller Utilization vs. Response Time


Knee of curve: disks at about 70% utilization

Low Queue Size

0%

Utilization

70%

100%

Consider a disk I/O system in which an I/O request arrives at a rate of 100 I/Os per second. The service time, Rs, is 4 ms.

Utilization of I/O controller (U=a Rs) Total response time (R=Rs /1-U)
59

2012 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Calculate the response time at different % of TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Application Requirements and Disk Performance Exercise

Scenario

Characteristics of new application:


Require 1TB of storage capacity Peak I/O workload 4900 IOPS Typical I/O size is 4Kb 15K rpm drive with storage capacity = 73 Gb Average seek time = 5 ms Data transfer rate = 40 Mb / sec

Specifications of the available disk drives:


As it is a business critical application, response time must be within an acceptable range

Task

Calculate number of disks required for the 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights application TDC-478 Information Storage and Management reserved.

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Solution

Time required to perform one I/O is sum of seek time, rotational delay and transfer time Therefore, 5 ms + 0.5 /(15000/60) + 4KB/(40MB/sec) = 7.1 msec Calculate max. number of IOPS a disk can perform

1 / 7.1 ms = 140 IOPS

For acceptable response time disk controller utilization must be less than 70%

Therefore, 140 X 0.7 = 98 IOPS Performance requirement we need 4900 / 98 = 50 disks Capacity requirement we need 1 TB / 73 GB = 14 disks

To meet application

2012 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved.

Disk required = max (capacity, performance)


TDC-478 Information Storage and Management 61

Enterprise Flash Drives: A New Generation Drives


Conventional disk drive

Enterprise flash drive

Mechanical Delay associated with conventional drive


Highest possible throughput per drive


Seek time Rotational latency

More power consumption due to mechanical operations Low Mean Time Between Failure

No Spinning magnetic media No Mechanical movement which causes seek and latency Solid State enables consistent I/O performance

Very low latency per I/O Energy efficient storage design

Lower power requirement per GB of storage Lower power requirement per IOPS

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Enterprise Flash Drives Overview

Drive is based on Flash Solid State memory technology


High performance and low latency Non volatile memory Uses single layer cell (SLC) or Multi Level cell (MLC) to store data

Enterprise Flash Drives use a 4Gb FC interface

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Enterprise Flash Drives Benefits

Faster performance

More energy efficient

38 percent less per terabyte 98 percent less per IO

Response Time

Up to 30 times greater IOPS (benchmarked) Typical applications: 8 12X Less than 1 millisecond service time

1@15K Fibre Channel drive

10@15K Fibre Channel drives

30@15K Fibre Channel drives

1 Flash drive

IO per second

Better reliability

No moving parts 2012 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Faster RAID rebuildsTDC-478

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Host Access to Storage


Compute
Application Application

Compute

Storage Networking Options

Compute

Application Application

Application Application

File FileSystem System

File FileSystem System Storage Network

File-level Request

Block-level Request

Storage Network Network

Block-level Request
File FileSystem System

Storage Storage

Storage System
Storage Storage Storage Storage

Direct-Attached Storage
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Block-level Access

File-level Access 65

TDC-478 Information Storage and Management

Direct-Attached Storage (DAS)

Internal Direct Connect


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External Direct Connect


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