0 Bewertungen0% fanden dieses Dokument nützlich (0 Abstimmungen)
33 Ansichten122 Seiten
Alcatel FFH 4 Fast Frequency Hopping changes frequencies faster than the symbol rate Th GMSK modulation; payload on air interface =22 kbit / s. SFH is able to change its frequency every 8th TDMA timeslot, leading to 216 hopps per second.
Alcatel FFH 4 Fast Frequency Hopping changes frequencies faster than the symbol rate Th GMSK modulation; payload on air interface =22 kbit / s. SFH is able to change its frequency every 8th TDMA timeslot, leading to 216 hopps per second.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PPT, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Alcatel FFH 4 Fast Frequency Hopping changes frequencies faster than the symbol rate Th GMSK modulation; payload on air interface =22 kbit / s. SFH is able to change its frequency every 8th TDMA timeslot, leading to 216 hopps per second.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PPT, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Mobile Radio Network Planning 1 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel
RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping
Prerequisites: Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals Mobile Radio Network Planning 2 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Overview 4Frequency Hopping Basics 4Simulation Results 4Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks 4Frequency Hopping Parameters Mobile Radio Network Planning 3 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Abbreviations 4 BCCH Broadcast Channel 4 TCH Traffic Channel 4 FH Frequency Hopping 4 SFH Slow Frequency Hopping 4 BBH Base Band Hopping 4 RFH Radio Frequency Hopping 4 MAI Mobile Allocation Index 4 MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset 4 HSN Hopping Sequence Number 4 FN Frame Number Mobile Radio Network Planning 4 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping Frequency Hopping Basics Mobile Radio Network Planning 5 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FFH FH SFH BBH RFH Method of FH notation 4 FFH - Fast Frequency Hopping 4 SFH - Slow Frequency Hopping BBH - Base Band Hopping RFH - Radio Frequency Hopping (Synthesized Hopping) Mobile Radio Network Planning 6 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FFH 4 Fast Frequency Hopping changes frequencies faster than the symbol rate GMSK modulation; payload on air interface =22 kbit/s 1 symbol is modeled with 3 bits Symbol rate on air interface around 7ksymbol/s For FFH, > 7000 hopps per second Mobile Radio Network Planning 7 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel SFH 4 Slow Frequency Hopping is able to change its frequency every timeslot 4 Considering one user, occupying every 8th TDMA timeslot, SFH is leading to 216.6 hopps per second: One TDMA frame: 4.616 ms -> 1/0.004616s=216.6Hz The frequency changes every 8 bursts but the system permits a frequency change at every burst; however there is no benefit for the MS and for the network 4 Frequency Hopping used in GSM is specified in GSM 05.02 (ETSI recommendation) Mobile Radio Network Planning 8 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel BCCH and SFH 4 Frequency Hopping can be applied on each traffic channel and each signaling channel except the logical BCCH channel! 4 As the BCCH frequency is used for RXLEV measurements of neighbour cells, this frequency must be on air all the time without power reduction DTX and PC are not allowed on BCCH frequency FH is not allowed on the BCCH channel (timeslot 0 on BCCH frequency)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 9 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Hopping Basics Basics of BBH Mobile Radio Network Planning 10 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Base Band Hopping FFH FH SFH BBH RFH Mobile Radio Network Planning 11 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Base Band Hopping (1) 4 The Frame Units create the TDMA frame structure 4 The Carrier Units modulate the base band signal onto the carrier frequency 4 In BBH the connections between FUs and CUs are changed, not the carrier frequencies FU 1 FU 2 FU 3 FU 4 CU 1 CU 2 CU 3 CU 4 N hop N TRX within one cell
Mobile Radio Network Planning 12
RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel TRX 1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 4 BCCH Base Band Hopping (2) 4 As the CUs arent tuning their transmit frequency, RTCs (Remote tunable cavity / combiner) can be used 4 Less pathloss then with WBCs (Wide band combiner) 4 The communications (users) are hopping over the different CUs (Carrier Units) 4 TS 0 of the BCCH TRX is always transmitting on the BCCH frequency. 4 Other timeslots can use other frequencies unless the BCCH frequency is transmitted by any other TRX at the same time Mobile Radio Network Planning 13 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Hopping Basics Basics of RFH Mobile Radio Network Planning 14 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Radio Frequency Hopping FFH FH SFH BBH RFH Mobile Radio Network Planning 15 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FU 1 FU 2 FU 3 FU 4 CU 1 CU 2 CU 3 CU 4 Radio Frequency Hopping (1) 4 In RFH, each Frame Unit is connected to one Carrier Unit 4 Hopping is performed by changing the carrier frequency within the carrier unit by using a synthesizer (synthesizer hopping) 4 A drawback of the synthesizer hopping configuration is that the BTS cannot be equipped with remote tunable combiners (RTC), since the tunable filters cannot change their frequency on a timeslot basis. Therefore a wideband combiner (WBC) has to be used for the connection between transmitter and antenna, WBC: 5.05 dB insertion loss = 1.6 dB duplexer loss +3.45 combiner loss RTC: 3.2 dB insertion loss (for max. 4 TRX combination) => 1.85 dB increased downlink path loss for the WBC configuration Mobile Radio Network Planning 16 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Radio Frequency Hopping (2) 4 As the communication (user) is not hopping between the CUs, but the CU frequency itself is hopping, there is no limit for the number of frequencies used for hopping except the software release! TRX 1 TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 4 BCCH Nhop NTRX possible and mostly used the BCCH will be on air all the time (needed for MS measurements) and doesnt perform hopping at all
Mobile Radio Network Planning 17 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Hopping modes (1) 4 Cyclic hopping: HSN = 0 All BTS use a unique periodical hopping scheme 4 Random hopping: HSN = 1...63 63 possible pseudo random hopping schemes to guarantee uncorrelated hopping HSN = Hopping Sequence Number Mobile Radio Network Planning 18 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Hopping modes (2) Cyclic hopping
Random hopping F1 F2 F3 F4 F2 F3 F4 F1 Mobile Radio Network Planning 19 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Hopping Basics Comparison between Non Hopping and Hopping Networks Mobile Radio Network Planning 20 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 4 Improved FER: 1.4% 0.6% 4 Reduced Call Drop Rate: 3.2% 2.4% 4 Reduced Call Establishment Failure: 6.5% 5.5%
4 Increased HO rate: 10% ...15% 4 Increased HO rate based on quality: 20% Can be reduced by adjusting HO quality thresholds Results from Field Trial in Jakarta (Implementing BBH) BUT Mobile Radio Network Planning 21 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Results from Field Trial in South Africa (Implementing RFH) 4 Improved CSSR from 4 Improved CDR from
4 Increased HO Rate due to quality from 4 During Optimization of HOs due to quality, the HO rate due to quality decrease again from 93.64% to 98.51% 1.72% to 1.32%
6% to 25%
25% to 7% BUT Implemented was 1x3 reuse with 37.5% RF load Capacity increase in Bloemfontain was about 100%!!! Mobile Radio Network Planning 22 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 4 21 cells, 19 with 2 TRX-es and 2 with one TRX, 18 frequencies available for traffic carriers
4 Dropped call reduction 4 Increase of the received mean level 4 Possibility of using tighter schemes (like 1/3) providing higher capacity compared with non-hopping network 4 No degradation of audio quality 4 Conclusions useful for radio planning: The number of hopping frequencies must be 4 of larger. Hopping frequencies must be separated as much as possible.
Reuse 1*3 (4 frequencies) 1*3 (6 frequencies) 2*6 (3 frequencies) No Hopping CDR 2.7 2 2.2 2.5 HO Rate 4000 3900 3700 3000 RXQual Increased with 10 % Increased with 20 % Increased with 35 % - Results from Telefonica Field Trial in Spain (RFH) Mobile Radio Network Planning 23 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Results from Field Trial in Egypt - Ismailia (RFH) 4 10 sites, 21 cells with 2 TRX-es and 9 cells with 3 TRX-es
4 Effect of the RF Load can be noticed on the quality HO between Reuse 3 and Reuse 1 4 Applying DL PC and DTX together can enhance RFH performance
Network Evolution No Hopping 1*3 1*3 with Parameter Settings Offset_Hopping_HO L_RXQual (PC minimum threshold) 1*1 1*1 with Parameters Settings Offset_Hop ping_HO L_RXQual (PC minimum threshold) 1*1 with DL PC + DL DTX + EFR DL Quality HO 15000 27000 19000 18000 13000 10000 CDR 1.3 1.2 1 0.8 0.7 0.7 QVoice Quality (good) 91.2 % 94 % 94 % 92.6 % 92.7 % 93.2 % Mobile Radio Network Planning 24 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping Frequency Hopping Simulation Results Mobile Radio Network Planning 25 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Why Frequency Hopping? 4 There are two advantages when using Frequency Hopping Frequency Diversity Cyclic and random hopping take benefit Improves the effectiveness of the GSM error correction algorithm by taking advantage from interleaving improve the effect of fading Interferer Diversity Only random hopping takes full benefit! Averages the interference on the hopping carriers, thus highly interfered cells (before hopping) gain significantly Mobile Radio Network Planning 26 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Hopping Simulation Results Fading effects Mobile Radio Network Planning 27 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Fading 4 Caused by delay spread of original signal Multi path propagation Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment Movement of receiver 4 Short-term fading, fast fading This fading is characterised by phase summation and cancellation of signal components, which travel on multiple paths. The variation is in the order of the considered wavelength. Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh distribution (for non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for LOS signals), respectively. In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which take the error correction capability into account. Mobile Radio Network Planning 28 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Fading 4 Mid-term fading, lognormal fading Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size of 10...100m (cars, trees, buildings). These variations are lognormal distributed. 4 Long-term fading, slow fading Long-term variations caused by large objects like large buildings, forests, hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid- term field strength variations, these variations are lognormal distributed 4 Fading Effect consists in quality degradation
Mobile Radio Network Planning 29 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Hopping Simulation Results Frequency Diversity Mobile Radio Network Planning 30 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Diversity (1) 4 Especially Slow Moving Mobiles suffer from fading (fading time can be long) 4 Fading means a short breakdown of the received power due to environmental conditions -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 0 . 1 2 . 8 5 . 4 8 . 0 1 0 . 6 1 3 . 2 1 5 . 9 1 8 . 5 2 1 . 1 2 3 . 7 2 6 . 3 2 9 . 0 3 1 . 6 3 4 . 2 3 6 . 8 3 9 . 4 4 2 . 1 4 4 . 7 4 7 . 3 4 9 . 9 Distance [m] R e c e i v e d
P o w e r
[ d B m ] Lognormal fading Raleygh fading fading notches Mobile Radio Network Planning 31 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Diversity (2) 4 Hopping over several frequencies, does not reduce the number of frames being destroyed by fading notches, but reduces the time of being in a fading notch! With FH the probability to get into a fading notch is higher, but the average duration of a notch is shorter! Note: The example is based on the assumption of cylic hopping no fading notch f1 f3 f4 Hopping over f1,f2,f3,f4 fading notch f2 Mobile Radio Network Planning 32 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Diversity (3) - Interleaving and its benefit 456 bit 456 bit TDMA Time Slot: 3 3 3 3 3 3 ... . . . . . . 2 260 bit Data with redundancy for error correction TIME Burst (partly) destroyed by fading, but only 12.5% of 456 bit affected -> high chance for successful error correction! Interleaving depth: 8 used frequency: f2 f3 f4 f1 f3 f4 f1 Note: Only f1 suffers from fading in this example Creating burst structure Mobile Radio Network Planning 33 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Diversity (4) - Interleaving and its benefit 4 GSM collects 20 ms of speech data before packing it into the 260 bits (456 bits include 260 data bits plus redundancy) 4 Without hopping, several consecutive bursts (456 bits) would be affected by fading 4 This would affect most of the 8 sub-blocks of the 456 bit, leading to low chance of successful error correction. 4 With hopping, in the regular case less consecutive blocks are affected, leading to a good chance of error correction 4 As RXQUAL does not take interleaving into account, but the BER before de-interleaving, the FH benefit is not visible in RXQUAL! RXQUAL is even worse, as the BER during good quality time is higher. Mobile Radio Network Planning 34 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Hopping Simulation Results Interference Diversity Mobile Radio Network Planning 35 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Interferer Diversity (1) 4 Interferer Diversity means the averaging of the interference within the frequency group Each frequency within a frequency group suffers from more or less interference The overall interference to one communication is therefore the average of the single frequency interferences of the frequency group Note: The overall interference within the network does not change, but the standard deviation is reduced Mobile Radio Network Planning 36 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Interferer Diversity (2) 4 Reducing the network wide C/I standard deviation by FH
Uncorrelated hopping is assumed in the example q Random Hopping (HSN 1..63)! <C/I> <C/I> C/I Thr C/I Thr
C/I
C/I without SFH with SFH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 One MS call which changes the frequency several times within the frequency group (e.g. 8 times) Mobile Radio Network Planning 37 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Interferer Diversity (3) 4 If the average C/I in the network is below the required C/I thr , the quality gets worse when using frequency hopping <C/I> <C/I> C/I Thr C/I Thr
C/I
C/I without SFH with SFH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Uncorrelated hopping is assumed in the example q Random Hopping (HSN 1..63)! One MS call which changes the frequency several times within the frequency group (e.g. 8 times) Mobile Radio Network Planning 38 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Interferer Diversity (4) 4 If the standard deviation is quite high some mobiles suffer from a C/I smaller then the required C/I thr
4 When using FH, the C/I values are average values from the correspondent frequency hopping group 4 Due to this averaging, the C/I standard deviation gets smaller 4 Now also the bad calls have acceptable conditions Mobile Radio Network Planning 39 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Summary of frequency and interference diversity F1 F2 MS1 BS1 C1 I2 I1 MS2 F2 P F1 F1,F2,F3 F1 F2 MS1 BS1 MS2 F2,F3,F1 P Interference Diversity Frequency Diversity No Hopping Frequency Hopping I1 I2 Mobile Radio Network Planning 40 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel BBH 4 Advantages The timeslots 1 to 7 of the BCCH frequency are allowed to perform frequency hopping Combination of intelligent frequency planning with the benefit of frequency hopping 4 Disadvantages Frequency hopping performs best with at least 4 hopping frequencies Cells must have at least 4 TRXs! Mobile Radio Network Planning 41 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel RFH 4 Advantages Hopping over more frequencies than installed TRXs possible N HOP N TRX
More benefit from Interferer Diversity The more frequencies are used, the higher the averaging effect 4 Disadvantages No hopping at all on the BCCH TRX! Mobile Radio Network Planning 42 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Comparison BBH vs. RFH (1) 4 BBH is better than RFH Interference point of view BBH intelligence integrated in the frequency plan RFH not (so much) intelligence in the frequency plan (especially in 1*1). The drawback is the increased level of interference (cf. A955 simulations) 4 Strategy for operator for hopping mode selection: prefer BBH instead of RFH if the available BW is sufficient migrate from BBH to RFH only when the point comes to deploy a new TRX in the BBH network without any violations
Mobile Radio Network Planning 43 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Comparison of hopping schemes 1 x 3, 1 x 1 and BBH (Network Design point of view) Reuse scheme Benefits Drawbacks 1 x 3 Allow a re- use of the hopping frequencies (for the microcells). Ease the transition between hopping area and non- hopping area. From interference reduction p.o.v. Need a good design of the network (same height of the sites, regular azimuth of the antennas, flat area, careful tilt tuning) to be fully efficient. Require hopping on a number of frequencies multiple of 3. 1 x 1 From interference reduction p.o.v., the requirement to have same antenna height and a careful tilt tuning is even higher as for 1x3, whereas there is no requirement for same azimuth Good cell planning required, little coverage overlap allowed. No re- utilization of the hopping frequencies possible (for example for microcells). More difficult transition between hopping area and non- hopping area. BBH Minimum interference + benefits of interferer and frequency diversity Fewer constraints on the network design: antenna height+ azimuth, tilt tuning are not critical factors anymore Higher effort for frequency planning Mobile Radio Network Planning 44 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH field trial 4 Field trial performed in TMN Network in Portugal 2003 4 The result is a comparison between RFH 1x1, BBH and RFH 1x3 4 TMN Network configuration Hardware 19 BSCs with 1400 cells dual band network azimuths with regular patterns Frequency policy GSM 900: 21 freq. for BCCH; 18 freq. TCH with RFH 1x1 DCS 1800: 14 freq. for BCCH; 16 freq. TCH with RFH 1x1 Mobile Radio Network Planning 45 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH field trial - 1x1 vs 1x3 4 Motivation for 1x3: network has a regular pattern 4 QoS Results
4 Drive tests results 4 Conclusion: reduction of Quality HO increase of Level HO no significant modification for other QoS indicators or in QVoice measurements Indicator 1x1 1x3 Better cell HO 90,000 47% 90,000 47% Quality HO 47,500 24% 44,000 23% Level HO 50000 27% 53,000 28% Bad RxQual - before Bad RxQual - after 16.7% 15.2% Mobile Radio Network Planning 46 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH field trial - BBH 4 Motivation: TCH TRX using 1x1 have RxQual worse than BCCH more frequencies for BCCH Using the BCCH band reduces the network RFLoad Call Drops on the BCCH frequencies, due to interference can be reduced by hopping 4 BBH combines the benefits of intelligent frequency planning frequency hopping 4 BBH was applied only for one BSC Mobile Radio Network Planning 47 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH field trial - BBH Results 4 QoS results
4 Drive tests results QoS indicators 1x1 Baseband hopping Obs SDCCH drop 1.2% 0.8% Significant improvement RTCH assign fail 0.6% 0.4% Significant improvement, showing clearly a reduction of interference Call-drop 1.1% 0.9% Significant improvement Handover success rate 96.2% 96.4% Improvement more visible in some other BSCs HO causes Better-cell: 43% Qual HO: 34% Level HO: 19% Better-cell: 41% Qual HO: 32% Level HO: 22% Reduction of Qual HO with BBH Interference bands (% in band 900) 54% 61% Improvement is visible with BBH HO/call 0.64 0.58 Reduction with BBH even more visible in other BSCs: shows improvement in Voice Quality
Hopping 1x1
Baseband Hopping VQ good 88.9% 90.8% VQ sufficient 6.7% 6.8% VQ bad 4.4% 2.6%
Mobile Radio Network Planning 48 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH field trial - BBH Conclusion 4 Clear reduction of network interference: real reduction of SDDCH drop RTCH assign fail Call Drop 4 Reduction of HO/call 4 QVoice measurements showed improvement 4 Due to good results, BBH was generalized for entire network (19 BSCs): SDCCH drop: 1.1% -> 0.8% RTCH assign fail: 0.5% -> 0.3% Call-drop: 1.2% -> 1.0% HO Success Rate 96.8% -> 97.5% Call Success Rate: 97.2% -> 97.9% Mobile Radio Network Planning 49 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Hopping Simulation Results Hard Blocking / Soft Blocking Mobile Radio Network Planning 50 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Hard blocking 4 Hard blocking is determined by the amount of available channels 4 This type of blocking occurs in conventional traffic systems, with a low interference probability 4 The blocking is defined by the blocking probability, e.g. P block =2% 4 With hard blocking, mobiles will not get access to the network, since all channels are in use (100% traffic load) Mobile Radio Network Planning 51 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel The maximum capacity in a system is defined as the limit, where either the hard blocking or the soft blocking limit is reached Soft blocking 4 Soft blocking occurs due to high interference or due to an unacceptable call drop rate 4 This type of blocking occurs in a network design with a low reuse cluster size, resulting in a high level of interference 4 The soft blocking limit can be defined by the traffic load, at which the quality in the network becomes unacceptable e.g. when 10% of the mobiles will suffer from a C/I < C/I Thr or when the call drop rate reaches 5% 4 With increasing traffic load, the capacity will be limited due to soft blocking before the hard blocking limit is reached (traffic load <100%). Mobile Radio Network Planning 52 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel DTX Discontinuous Transmission PC Power Control Usage of Power Control and DTX 4 DTX and PC (used only by TCH carriers) reduce interference Capacity increase possible with remaing QoS figures In non hopping systems, "bad" communications take much advantage from PC and DTX "good" communications do not see any improvement In hopping systems, due to interferer diversity, all communications will experience an improvement 4 Hopping networks with ARCS < 9 are limited by softblocking Any interference reducing feature is more effective in such a system 4 PC and DTX in UL and DL are recommended especially for hopping networks! Mobile Radio Network Planning 53 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Hopping Simulation Results Simulation Results Mobile Radio Network Planning 54 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH Performance Simulation - Description 4 The next slides present the results of a hopping performance investigation done with the Alcatel Radio Network Planning Tool A9155 4 Two different approaches are used to determine the softblocking limit: Softblocking defined by the traffic load at which 10 % of the mobiles suffer from an C/I < C/I thr Softblocking defined by the traffic load at which the call drop rate reaches 5 % Mobile Radio Network Planning 55 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 4 Considering softblocking based on C/I ? What is the achievable capacity when 10% of all MS suffer from a C/I < C/I thr ? 4 Parameters: BW=36, (hard)blocking=2%, 8 TCH per TRX Considering DTX, PC, HO, GSM signal processing: 4 BUT: Call drop rate for the <1x3> design rises up to 16%! Configuration <1x3> <3x3> <4x3> Capacity (Erl/Site) 86.4 71.1 49.8 Gain comp. to <4x3> +74% +42% +0% C/I Simulation (1) Mobile Radio Network Planning 56 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel ARCS >= 12: Hard blocking related
ARCS = 9: Hardblo cking = Softblocking
ARCS < 9: Soft blocking related C: 45Erl D: 20Erl A: 49.8Erl E: 86.4Erl=+74% 16% Call drop B: 71.1Erl=+42% 0 50 100 150 200 250 3 6 9 12 ARCS E r l a n g
p e r
3
s e c t o r
s i t e
Hard Block. Soft Block/No Hopping Soft Block/Hopping C/I Simulation (2) Mobile Radio Network Planning 57 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel C/I Simulation (3) 4 Nonhopping: The hardblocking limit would be reached at ARCS of 12 (traffic load=100%) 4 Hopping: The hardblocking limit still can be reached at a ARCS of 9, meaning that the C/I or the call drop rate is still below the threshold (traffic load=100%) If the ARCS is 3 and the traffic load has reached 30% of the theoretical available hardware capacity, we can see, that the softblocking limit with a "too" bad quality can be reached The increased call drop rate is also based on the fact, that the used PC and HO algorithm were very simple HO is based on distance only, thus with an according quality based emergency HO the call drop rate can further be reduced. Mobile Radio Network Planning 58 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel C/I Simulation (4) 4 The simulation does not take into account real topography,morphology etc. 4 4*3 and 3*3: capacity can be calculated manually, soft block not reached 49.8 Erl/3 sector site = 16.63 Erl/sector *3 sectors/site 16.63 Erl : from Erl table with 24 (3*8) channels and GOS=2% 4 1*3 case: capacity can not be calculated manually, soft blocking is reached (hardblocking would lead to 3*84.1=252 Erl per site for 12 (TRX) *8 slots = 96 channels per sector at 2%block) 4 But due to the soft block (interference), the real capacity is lower Simplification: No signalling considered Mobile Radio Network Planning 59 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel C/I Simulation (5) 4 Bandwidth=constant in the example 4 Idea of fractional loading: Since at a ARCS of 3 the softblocking limit is reached and only 30% of a <1x3> HW will be used, it is certainly not cost effective to install all the HW if 70% of the hardware is unused. Thus the amount of TRX is lower then the amount of hopping frequencies Fractional reuse (ARCS, FARCS) only possible with RFH 4 Summary: Optimum in terms of capacity could be achieved with an ARCS of 1x3 Mobile Radio Network Planning 60 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Call drop Simulation (1) 4 Considering Softblocking based on Call Drop Rate of 5% or hardblocking limit is reached What is the capacity when 5% of all calls will drop? More suitable definition of softblocking for an operator compared to the "C/I" criteria 4 Same simulation conditions as in previous example 4 Best results are achieved with the <3x3> reuse scheme
4 But: no quality based handover considered in simulation 4 Reduced call drop rate in reality can be expected Mobile Radio Network Planning 61 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 <1x1> <1x3> <3x3> <4x3> Configuration E r l a n g
p e r
s i t e
Call drop Simulation (2) 4 Best solution when taking into account the call drop rate as the softblocking limit is achieved with ARCS of 9. 4 The hardblocking limit still could be reached: Capacity increase here: 42%, but when taking into account the BCCH with an ARCS of 12, only 30% can be achieved. Max. Capacity with softblocking based on call drop rate of 5%
Mobile Radio Network Planning 62 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Conclusion on Simulations 4 System simulations show: "C/I" simulation: best result with the <1x3> scheme, but with an increased amount of call drops "Call drop" simulation: <3x3> reuse scheme is the optimum
Therefore for a first introduction, N TRX =N Hop should be used, aiming at an ARCS of 9 for the TCH 30% capacity increase, taking into account a BCCH with ARCS of 12 in a typical scenario 4 Further reduction of the ARCS has to be evaluated in a second step with N TRX <N hop , while monitoring the call drop rate and interference (softblocking starts) Mobile Radio Network Planning 63 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping Frequency Planning in Hopping Networks Mobile Radio Network Planning 64 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Planning in Hopping Networks Introduction Mobile Radio Network Planning 65 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel A9155 FH planning strategy 4 AFP - Automatic Frequency Planning 4 Several frequencies can be assigned to one carrier 4 1*1 and 1*3 fractional reuse supported 4 HSN and MAIO allocation done automatically 4 Absolute calculated interference value is taken into account during frequency assignment Aim: Minimize the cost! The cost includes violation of channel separation, interference etc. Mobile Radio Network Planning 66 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Required number of Frequencies 4 Investigations show, that most benefit is taken from FH when hopping over at least 4 frequencies! TU3 TU50 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 number of frequencies in hopping sequence r e q u i r e d
C / I
( d B ) TU3 TU50 For slow moving mobiles, the benefit of FH is much bigger!
Remark: TU3 = Typical Urban Environment with an average mobile speed of 3 km/h TU50 = Typical Urban Environment with an average mobile speed of 50 km/h
Mobile Radio Network Planning 67 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks Fractional Reuse Mobile Radio Network Planning 68 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Reuse Cluster Size Definition for FH 4 The classical definition of the Reuse Cluster Size is: The definition of the Reuse Cluster Size for RFH conditions is: cell per TRX of amount Average Bandwidth ARCS cell per s Frequencie of amount Average Bandwidth FARCS FARCS = Fractional Average Reuse Cluster Size Mobile Radio Network Planning 69 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Examples for ARCS 4 ARCS 27 frequencies for TCH TRXs 3 TCH TRXs in average per cell 9 3 27 / #
cell TRX B ARCS Example: Group planning with 9 frequency groups, 3 frequencies each A1 A3 A2 B1 B2 B3 A1 A2 A3 B2 B3 B1 C2 C3 C1 B2 B1 B3 A1 A2 A3 Mobile Radio Network Planning 70 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Examples of FARCS (1) 4 FARCS 27 frequencies for TCH TRXs 3 hopping groups with 9 frequencies each 1 hopping group per cell 3 9 27 / #
cell f B FARCS REUSE 1*3 Example: 3 frequency groups, 9 frequencies each A C B A B C A B C B C A B C A B A C A B C Mobile Radio Network Planning 71 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Examples of FARCS (2) 4 FARCS 27 frequencies for TCH TRXs 1 hopping group with 27 frequencies same hopping group on each cell 1 27 27 / #
cell f B FARCS REUSE 1*1 Example: 1 frequency group including all 27 frequencies A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Mobile Radio Network Planning 72 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks Creating Hopping Groups Mobile Radio Network Planning 73 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel The GSM Hopping Sequence Generator 4 External Parameters which can be modified by operator MA Mobile Allocation MAI Mobile Allocation Index MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset FHS Frequency Hopping Sequence HSN Hopping Sequence Number 4 Internal Parameters which cannot be modified T1, T1R, T2, T3 GSM internal timers FN Frame Number Mobile Radio Network Planning 74 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel MA MAI ARFCN 1 2 3 0 4 ... ... 2 5 12 7 6 MA - Mobile Allocation 4 The MA is the look up table that is giving the relation between the different MAI numbers and the corresponding ARFCN. Range: The look up table has N lines. N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence (hopping group) Mobile Radio Network Planning 75 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Selection of hopping channels acc. to MA 4 Overall speech quality improved in relation with frequency management 4 During the channel assignment procedure, the BSC will take into account the MA of the channels before allocating the resource 4 The MA gives the number of frequencies over which the target channel hops: the bigger it is, the better the quality can be expected 4 Hence, the BSC will select preferably the channels with the biggest MA Mobile Radio Network Planning 76 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel MAI - Mobile Allocation Index 4 The MAI is an index number, which allows to determine the correct line in the MA look up table to find the corresponding ARFCN. 4 Range: 0 .. N-1
4 Note: N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence. Mobile Radio Network Planning 77 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel MAIO - Mobile Allocation Index Offset 4 The MAIO is selectable for each timeslot and each TRX separately 4 The MAIO is constant on the TRX but it changes between the FU 4 Due to the fact, that normally for each timeslot within one TRX the same FHS is used, there is no need to change the MAIO from timeslot to timeslot. Therefore the MAIO is constant on the TRX. 4 It is a number that is added to the calculated MAI to avoid intra-site collisions due to co or adjacent channel usage. 4 Range: 0 .. N-1 (max. 63) Mobile Radio Network Planning 78 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel MAIO - BBH Example (1) TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 FU 1 BCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH fhs_id, maio freq 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 FU 2 TCH SD/ 8 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH fhs_id, maio 2, 0 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 FU 3 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH fhs_id, maio 2, 1 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 FU 4 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH fhs_id, maio 2, 2 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 Mobile Radio Network Planning 79 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel MA MAI ARFCN 1 2 3 0 F2 F3 F4 F1 E.g. MAI = 1 calculated MAIO=2 F4 is used MAIO - Example (2) 4 E.g. a TRX has the MAIO 2 4 Frequencies used on this TRX: f1, f2, f3 ,f4 4 The frequency hopping generator creates the MAI sequence 3,0,1,2,1,1,3,0,2, 4 The hopping sequence will be: f2, f3, f4,f1,f4,f4,f2,f3,f1,... Mobile Radio Network Planning 80 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FHS - Frequency Hopping Sequence 4 The FHS is the set of frequencies (max. 63) to be used in the hopping sequence (frequency hopping group). It is given by the operator and can be different for each timeslot and each TRX of each cell TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 FU 1 bc/ sd4 or bcch TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH fhs_id, maio freq 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 FU 2 TCH SD/ 8 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH fhs_id, maio 2, 0 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 FU 3 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH fhs_id, maio 2, 1 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 FU 4 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH fhs_id, maio 2, 2 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 FHS_ID = 1: all associated frequencies of the BTS are used FHS_ID = 2: all associated frequencies of the BTS except BCCH frequency are used (BCCH in TS 0 have to stay on its fixed frequency) Mobile Radio Network Planning 81 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel HSN - Hopping Sequence Number 4 The HSN is one of 4 input parameters to the GSM hopping sequence generator algorithm (see GSM Rec: 05.02). 4 Range: 0 .. 63 4 HSN = 0 means cyclic hopping! 4 The values 1 to 63 are so called Pseudo Random Hopping Sequence Numbers. Their usage forces the hopping sequence generator algorithm to determine MAIs randomly. Due to the fact, that only the GSM internal timers T1R, T2 and T3 are additional input to this algorithm, their period is also the period of the hopping sequence Mobile Radio Network Planning 82 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel T1, T1R, T2, T3 - GSM internal timers 4 Ranges of the timers: T1: 0 .. 2047 T1R: 0 .. 63 (T1R = T1 modulo 64) T2: 0 .. 25 T3: 0 .. 50 4 T2 and T3 are triggered every 8 timeslots (1 TDMA Frame). When both timers switch back to 0, T1 (and T1R) is triggered (that is every 26*51= 1326 TDMA Frames). 4 In the GSM hopping sequence algorithm the timers T1R, T2 and T3 are used. This is leading to a period of 64*26*51-1 = 84863 for the MAI sequence (hopping sequence) Mobile Radio Network Planning 83 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Note: Duration of one TS 577 s FN - Frame Number 4 It is incremented after every TDMA frame (8 timeslots) 4 At each FN increment, timers T1, T1R, T2, T3 are impacted, however only T1R, T2, T3 determine the periodicity of the MAI sequence (hopping sequence) 4 FN periodicity is 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647 TDMA frames 4 Each frame has a duration of apporx. 4.62 ms 4 The absolute time from FN 0 to next time FN 0 is accordingly: 2 715 647 * (8*577 s) = 3h 28min 53 s Mobile Radio Network Planning 84 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Hopping Sequence Generation - Diagram 4 With the before shown parameters, the used absolute frequency can be determined MA MAIO HSN T1 T2 T3 Algorithm specified in GSM Rec. 05.02 ARFCN = MA(MAI) Press for demonstration Mobile Radio Network Planning 85 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel The Period of the Hopping Sequence 4 Timer T1R is only increased, when T2 and T3 switch back to zero at the same time (every 1326 TDMA frames)! 4 The total period of the 3 timers T1R, T2, T3 (=duration of FHS): 64*26*51-1 = 84863 TDMA frames 6min 32sec 4 This means, that even if we select the same HSN on two different (not synchronised I.e no common master clock) sites, they have a probability of 1/84863 = 1.18*10-6 to use the same frame number. If they have different frame numbers, the order of the used hopping frequencies is uncorrelated Mobile Radio Network Planning 86 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel New understanding of reuse 4 A reuse of A X B means, that A sites belong to the same reuse cluster and B frequency groups are used on this site. A A A A A A A C B A C B Re-use 1x3 Re-use 1x1 Mobile Radio Network Planning 87 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Co-cell / co-site constraints max RF load 4 Co-cell constraint 2 channels spacing (ETSI recommends 3, but with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2) 4 Co-site constraint 2 channels spacing 4 As on the same site the minimum distance between two frequencies is 2, only every second frequency of a band of consecutive frequencies can be used 4 This is leading to a effective usage of the spectrum resources of maximum 50% 4 These 50% are the so called maximum RF load on the site Mobile Radio Network Planning 88 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Max RF Load 4 The max RF load within a cell can be calculated according the following formula:
4 This maximum RF load is only achieved, if all TRXs within the cell are fully loaded! 4 If the TRXs are only fractional loaded, the effective RF load is much lower! Cell s Frequencie Cell TRX load RF / # / # max Mobile Radio Network Planning 89 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel % 7 . 16 12 2 . max load RF % 50 4 2 . max load RF Max RF Load - Examples 4 3 sector site, 12 hopping frequencies, 2 hopping TRX per sector
1*1 reuse:
1*3 reuse:
These values (16.7% and 50%) are the theoretical maximum achivable RF loads for the two cases. This is due to the fact, that a consecutive frequency band is assumed and thus due to inter cell constraint of 2 channels spacing only every second frequency can be used at the same time Mobile Radio Network Planning 90 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Real RF Load 4 The real RF load within a cell can be calculated according the following formula:
4 Only active timeslots contributes to the RF Load 4 Average number of active timeslots are given by the traffic capacity, in Erlang 4 RF Load can be reduced due to the features BCCH TRX Marking (since B5.2) or TRX Prioritized Preference Quality Control (since B6.2) 8 * ) / # ( / A # Cell s Frequencie Cell timeslots ctive load RF real Mobile Radio Network Planning 91 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 4 3 sector site, 12 hopping frequencies, 2 hopping TRX per sector 4 BCCH TRX Marking is used, therefore BCCH carrier is preffered to be filled by traffic 4 3 TRX -> 14.896 Erlang, 2% blocking probability 4 14.896 timeslots active during the busy hour. The remaining 7.104 timeslots guarantee a blocking probability of 2% 4 The average timeslots active on hopping carrier is then 14.896 timeslots - 6 timeslots on first carrier = 8.896 active timeslots 1*1 reuse: 1*1 reuse:
1*3 reuse % 26 . 9 12 * 8 896 . 8 load RF real % 8 . 27 4 * 8 896 . 8 load RF real Real RF Load - Examples Mobile Radio Network Planning 92 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Real RF-load 4 Proposed max. values: Reuse scheme Service target Real RF load marginal service quality (theoretical upper limit for synchronized hopping) 50 % 1 x 3 service quality comparable to conventional systems 30 % 35 % marginal service quality (theoretical upper limit for synchronized hopping) 16.6 % 1 x 1 service quality comparable to conventional systems 10 % Mobile Radio Network Planning 93 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Real RF Load with Directed Retry and Fast Traffic Handover 4 The efficiency of TRX is increased by these features 4 The same number of timeslots can carry a higher amount of traffic with the same blocking probability 4 The interference in the network is increased 4 Therefore the <<max>> Real RF Load has to be reduced when these features are used 4 It is preferred to use these kind of features, even it lead to a reduced RF Load instead of having a high RF Load without these features Mobile Radio Network Planning 94 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Inter site constraints 4 The maximum RF load is just a theoretical value, up to which we can avoid violating the co-cell and co-site constraints 4 The real RF load of a cell (e.g. the traffic in Erlang handled by the hopping carriers) is the real indicator for the interferer potential of the cell 4 With increasing number of used hopping TS, the probability of having a collission with a used TS of another cell using the same hopping frequencies is increasing Mobile Radio Network Planning 95 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Traffic / Interference relation - Examples 4 Which scenario interferes most to your communication (yellow)? Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TS ^ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Assumptions: Cells not syncronized, cells using same hopping frequencies, BCCH not included I n t e r f e r e r
S e r v e r
Mobile Radio Network Planning 96 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Creating Hopping sequences 4 The following slides show, how new frequency hopping groups can be generated and how the MAIO is assigned to the different TRXs within the cell 4 Keep in mind the two GSM constraints 2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same time within one cell (only Alcatel EVOLIUM equipment) 2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same time within one site 4 Assumptions: 12 consecutive frequencies available (1..12) excluding BCCH frequencies Mobile Radio Network Planning 97 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Fractional Reuse 1*2, 1*3, 1*x Mobile Radio Network Planning 98 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 1*3 reuse (1) 4 Before we create new groups, we have to keep two things in mind: The RF-load of 50% is not possible with consecutive frequencies in the FHS 50% RF-load is only possible when all odd or all even frequencies are on air at the same time ^ same amount of odd and even frequencies in each group 1 4 7 10 2 5 8 11 3 6 9 12 Cell A Cell B Cell C Group A: 1,4,7,10 Group B: 2,5,8,11 Group C: 3,6,9,12 Mobile Radio Network Planning 99 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 1*3 reuse (2) 4 To avoid violating the GSM constarints, MAIOs have to be defined for each TRX of the site. 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 Cell A Cell B Cell C MAI = 0 . . . Frequency used by TRX 1 Frequency used by TRX 2 MAIO settings:
Group A: 0,2
Group B: 1,3
Group C: 0,2 Mobile Radio Network Planning 100 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 1*3 reuse (3) 4 In a hopping group with 4 frequencies, the MAIs 0 to 3 are possible to be generated by the hopping sequence generator 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 Cell A Cell B Cell C 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 Cell A Cell B Cell C 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 Cell A Cell B Cell C 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 Cell A Cell B Cell C MAI = 0 MAI = 3 MAI = 1 MAI = 2 Assumption: MAIOs are as defined before
Group A: 0,2 Group B: 1,3 Group C: 0,2 Mobile Radio Network Planning 101 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 1*3 reuse (4) 4 For each frequency group we have an own MA table 4 With the group allocation from before, we get: MAI ARFCN MA - Group B 1 2 3 2 5 8 11 0 MAI ARFCN MA - Group A 1 2 3 1 4 7 10 0 MAI ARFCN MA - Group C 1 2 3 3 6 9 12 0 Mobile Radio Network Planning 102 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 1*2 reuse (1) 4 On a two sector site we may have only 2 frequency groups and therefore only an 1*2 reuse. 4 In a first step we allocate the frequencies according to the allocation scheme known from the 1*3 reuse Group A Group B 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 3 5 7 9 11 Problem: For max. possible RF load, all odd or even must be on air at the same time. This is not possible in this case, as all odd frequencies are in group A and all even in group B Mobile Radio Network Planning 103 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 1*2 reuse (2) 4 To have an equal distribution between odd and even frequencies within one frequency group, we change every second frequency Group A Group B 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 3 5 7 9 11 Group A Group B 2 3 6 7 10 11 1 4 5 8 9 12 To be done: MAIO assignment! Mobile Radio Network Planning 104 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 1*2 reuse (3) 4 To assign MAIOs we assume the FN 0, and circle as many frequencies as TRXs are using this group. The circeled frequencies must fulfil the GSM intra site and intra cell constraint 1 4 5 8 2 3 6 7 Cell A Cell B 9 10 11 12 MAIO TRX 1 MAIO TRX 2 MAIO TRX 3 Mobile Radio Network Planning 105 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel 1*4 - Exercise 4 The frequencies 1..24 are available (excluding BCCH freq.) 4 4 sectors on the site 4 3 TRXs are hopping in each cell 4 Cells are syncronized in terms of FN Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs! Mobile Radio Network Planning 106 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Fractional Reuse 1*1 Mobile Radio Network Planning 107 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Reuse 1*1 - 3 sector site 4 In the reuse 1 case, we use all available frequencies (1..12) on each cell of the site 4 Intra site collisions are only avoided by the MAIO assignment 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Cell A Cell B 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Cell C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ... .... ... .... ...... .......................... MAIO of TRX 1 MAIO of TRX 2 Mobile Radio Network Planning 108 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Reuse 1*1 - 2 sector site 4 On a 2 sector site with 12 frequencies of course 3 TRXs per cell are possible 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cell A Cell B MAIO of TRX 1 MAIO of TRX 2 MAIO of TRX 3 Mobile Radio Network Planning 109 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Reuse 1*1 - Exercise 4 The frequencies 1..24 are available 4 4 sectors on the site 4 4 TRXs are hopping in each cell 4 Cells are syncronized in terms of FN Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs! Mobile Radio Network Planning 110 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Summary: 1*2/1*3/1*4/ 1 2 Cell A Cell B ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 3 ... Cell C Cell ... 1 4 2 3 Cell A Cell B ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 1 2 Cell A Cell B 3 ... Cell C Cell ... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... MAIO TRX 1 MAIO TRX 2 MAIO TRX 3 MAIO 0 2 3 4 5 1 Cell A Cell B Cell C Cell D ....... T R X
1
T R X
2
T R X
3
T R X
. . . .
0 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 4 ..... ....... ..... ....... ..... ....... ....... ....... ....... Only necessary, if the number of frequency groups id even Rotate the frequencies through the cells Assign MAIOs according to the standard scheme for Reuse 1*X Mobile Radio Network Planning 111 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Summary: 1*1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Cell A Cell B 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Cell C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ... .... ... .... ...... .......................... MAIO of TRX 1 MAIO of TRX 2 Cell A Cell B Cell C ..... ....... T R X
1
T R X
2
T R X
3
T R X
. . . .
0 2 4 x+2 x+4 2x+4 .... .... 2x+2 ....... ..... ....... ..... ....... ....... ....... ....... x .... .... Rotate the MAIOs through the cells Standard MAIO assignment for Reuse 1*1 Mobile Radio Network Planning 112 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*3 FN (T1R, T2, T3) (0 84863) HSN (0 63) Frequency Hopping Sequence A (e.g. 1,4,7,10) Sector 1 Frequency Hopping Sequence B (e.g. 2,5,8,11) Sector 2 Frequency Hopping Sequence C (e.g. 3,6,9,12) Sector 3 MAIO (e.g. 2) Hopping TRX 2 Site Cells TRXs MAIO (e.g. 0) Hopping TRX 1 MAIO (e.g. 1) Hopping TRX 1 MAIO (e.g. 3) Hopping TRX 2 MAIO (e.g. 2) Hopping TRX 2 MAIO (e.g. 0) Hopping TRX 1 Mobile Radio Network Planning 113 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*1 FN (T1R, T2, T3) (0 84864) HSN (0 63) Sector 1 Frequency Hopping Sequence (e.g. 1,2,3,4,5, 6,7,8,10,11,12) Sector 2 Sector 3 Site Cells TRXs MAIO (e.g. 6) Hopping TRX 2 MAIO (e.g. 0) Hopping TRX 1 MAIO (e.g. 2) Hopping TRX 1 MAIO (e.g. 8) Hopping TRX 2 MAIO (e.g. 10) Hopping TRX 2 MAIO (e.g. 4) Hopping TRX 1 Mobile Radio Network Planning 114 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Alcatel BTS - Hopping concepts 4 A910 (M4M) - Evolium Micro BTS RFH possible for each non BCCH TRX (max. 4 TRX within one sector) 4 A9110-E (M5M) Micro Base Station BBH RFH for each non BCCH TRX 4 A9100 - Evolium Macro BTS BBH RFH for each non BCCH TRX
Mobile Radio Network Planning 115 All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel RNP Extension: B8 Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping Parameters Mobile Radio Network Planning 116 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel BSS and CAE parameters 4 In the hopping case, RXQUAL does not reflect the real quality in the network as explained before 4 To overcome this problem, Offsets are applied to RXQUAL dedendent parameters Offset_Hopping_PC influences L_RXQUAL_UL_P L_RXQUAL_DL_P Offset_Hopping_HO influences L_RXQUAL_UL_H L_RXQUAL_DL_H Mobile Radio Network Planning 117 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Default Parameters for SFH 4 Find hereafter the parameters which are different within hopping networks Offset_Hopping_PC = 1.0 Offset_Hopping_HO = 1.0 HO_INTRACELL_ALLOWED = DISABLED Note: Resolution of Offset_Hopping_XX is 0.1 since B6.2 Mobile Radio Network Planning 118 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Quality indicator for FH (1) 4 The RXQUAL calculation takes only the BER before de- interleaving into account The benefit of FH is not visible in RXQUAL The higher probability to get into a fading notch (but for a shorter time) is leading to a worse RXQUAL then without hopping, except the non hopping frequency would be in a fading notch at this location 4 FER - Frame Erasure Rate is counted after de-interleaving takes higher error correction possibilities due to FH into account Mobile Radio Network Planning 119 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Quality indicator for FH (2) 4 Principle of quality indicator calculation within the mobile DEMOD DECODER ENCODER Frame Erasure Decision Voice Decoder RXQUAL Frame Erasure Rate FER Deinterleave Error correct. Inside the mobile station Air - Mobile Radio Network Planning 120 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel Influence of FH on RXQUAL - 1 1 0
- 1 0 6
- 1 0 2
RXQUAL_DL = f (RXLEV_DL) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - 9 8
- 9 4
- 9 0
- 8 6
- 8 2
- 7 8
- 7 4
- 7 0
- 6 6
- 6 2
- 5 8
- 5 4
- 5 0
Without Hopping With Hopping R X Q U A L
RXLEV [dBm] 4 Subjective speech quality is good with RXQUAL=5 approximately:
RXQUAL(FH) = RXQUAL(no FH) + 1 Offset_Hopping_PC and Offset_Hopping_HO are introduced for correcting this error. Resolution : 0.1 Min value : 0; Max value : 7 Mobile Radio Network Planning 121 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel FH Summary 4 Main benefits of frequency hopping are: frequency diversity interference diversity 4 BBH is recommended since combines an intelligent frequency plan and frequency hopping benefits 4 RFH used when the capacity increase is not possible with BBH fractional reuse allows cluster reduction key parameters ARE real traffic load the level of interference should be used in well planned and optimized networks quality can be improved while using it with DTX and PC Mobile Radio Network Planning 122 RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping All rights reserved 2004, Alcatel What about Your network? 4 How to start? 4 Frequency Band and its subdivision 4 Special Cells (micro-cells, concentric cells) 4 Hopping useful?BBH or RFH? 4 Problems (RF load, interference)/Solutions