VECTOR DATA MODEELS

Vector data model

Provides precise position of features in space. The approach used in this models is to precisely specify the positions of points, lines, polygons , which represents different features of interest. The main assumption in this model is that positions of coordinates are mathematically exact . The location of features on the earths surface are referenced to map positions using an x,y coordinate system termed as cartesian coordinate system.

Classification of vector models

SPAGHETI MODELS TOPOLOZICAL MODELS TIN MODELS

SPAGHETI MODELS
The paper map is translated point by point, line for line into a list of XY coordinates. An area is represented by closed polygon of xy coordinates that defines its boundaries. The common boundary between adjacent polygons must be recorded twice i.e. once for each polygon. A file of saptial data constructed in this manner Is essentially a collection of coordinate strings with no inherent structure hence the term spagheti model

SPAGHETI MODEL
The structure of this model is simple and easy to understand. The data model is really the map expressed in Cartesian coordinates . Though all the spatial features are recorded but the spatial relationship between features are not encoded. The spagheti model is very inefficient for most types of anaalyses since any spatial relation should be derived on computation

SPAGHETI MODELS
ANALOG MAP

X5

35

36

14

.35 X5

36

14

DIGF\ITALMAP IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES

DATA STRUCTURE
FEATURES POINT LINE NUMBER LOCATION 5 14
X,Y (X1,Y1),(X2,Y2), (X3,Y3), (X4,Y4)

POLYGON

35
36

CLOSED LOOP OF XY COORDINATE PAIRS WHERE FIRST AND LAST PAIRS ARE SAME
CLOSED LOOP SHARING COORDINATES WITH ADJACENT POLYGONS TO FORM A DATA STRUCTURE

Topological model

This model is widely used method of encoding spatial relationships in GIS. Topology is the mathematical method used to define spatial relationship. This particular form is also known as ARC-Node data model.

Topological model

The basic logical entry is the arc. A series of points that end at a node. A node is an intersection point of two or more arcs meet. A node also occurs at the end dangling arc i.e. an arc that is not conected to another arc. Example is dead end of a street.

Topological model

A polygon is a comprised of a closed chain of arcs that represents boundaries of an area.

Topology Recording

1
60

a3

EN1
a4
a4 N4

a1

A
26

N2 N6
a6 a2

a3 a5 a6

N3
a2

N5 D

C
a6

10

a2

Topology Recording
Topology is recorded in three tables one for each spatial elements. Node topology Arc topology Polygon topology

SPATIAL ENCODING
ARC TOPOLOGY Arc Start node N1 N2 N3 N1 N3 N5 N6 End node N2 N3 N1 N4 N2 N5 N6 Left poly E E E A A B B Right poly A B A A B B C

a1
a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7

SPATIAL ENCODING
POLYGON TOPOLOGY POLYGONS A B C D ARCS a1,a5,a3 a5,a2,0,a6,0,a7 a7 a6

Area out-side map coverage

SPATIAL ENCODING
NODE TOPOLOGY NODE N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 ARCS a1,a4,a3 a1,a2,a5 a2,a5,a3 a4 a6 a7

SPATIAL ENCODING
ARC COORDINATE DATA ARC START INTERMEDIATE 40,60 70,60 a1 70,50 (70,10),(10,10) a2 10,25 (10,60) a3 40,60 (30,50) a4 10,25 (20,28),(30,30), a5
(35,50)

END
70,50 10,25 40,60 40,50 70,50 30,20

a6 a7

30,20 55,28 (55,15),(38,15), (45,25)

55,28

Triangulated irregular network

The TIN model is a used to represent a terrain surface. The terrain surface is represented by using interconnected triangular facets. For each of the three vertices x,y,z coordinates are encoded. Each triangle or facet is designated by a letter and is defined by three nodes designated by numerals.

Triangulated irregular network

NODE TABLE: PROVIDES EACH TRIANGLE AND THREE NODES. Edge Table: It gives the information about the three triangles adjacent each facet. The triangles that face boundary provides only two adjacent facets.

Triangulated irregular network

Node coordinates: The x,y coordinate table and z coordinate table store the node coordinate values. The triangulation in which triangles are most equilateral in shape tend to most accurately represents surface.

Triangulated irregular network

TIN helps in finding slope, aspect for each facet and stored as the attributes of the facet. This is similar to the attributes of polygons.

Triangulated irregular network

EXAMPLE
7 I H 1 A 8 B D C E` 2 3 9 J K F 10 G 5 6

TIN MODEL
X, Y CORDINATES
EDGES A B ADJACENT J,B A,C

1
2 3

X1,Y1
X2,Y2 X3,Y3

Z COORDINATE 1 Z1 2 Z2 3 Z3 10 Z10

C K
NODES

BD J,D,F

NODES A B C 1,8,7 1,2,8 2,8,3

COMPARISONS OF RASTER AND VECTRO MODELS

1.It is a simple structure. 2. Overlay operations are easily and efficiently implemented. 3.High spatial variability is efficiently represented in a raster format. 4. The raster format is more or less required for efficient manipulation and enhancement of digital images.

1. It provides more compact data structure. 2. It provides efficient encoding of topology. 3. The vector model is better suited for supporting graphics that closely approximate hand drawn maps.

Disadvantages.

1. The raster data is less compact. 2. Topological relationships are more difficult to represent. 3. The output of graphics appearance is less aesthetically pleasing because boundaries tend to have blocky appearance instead of smooth lines on hand drawn maps.

1. The data structure is more complex. 2. Overlay operations are difficult to implement. 3. The representation of high spatial variability is inefficient. 4.MANIPULATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF DIGITAL IMAGES CAN NOT BE EFFECTIVELY DONE IN THE VECTOR DOMAIN.