Topic 3-Decibels and Noise

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Telecommunication engineering Principles
Chapter 3
Decibels and Noise
Ade Syaheda Wani Binti Marzuki
Department of Electronic Engineering
Semester 1, Session 2009/2010
Outlines

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Decibels for Power and Voltage
3.3 Decibels Calculation: Examples
3.4 Decibel Reference Values
3.5 System Measurements with dB
3.6 Decibels and Bandwidth
3.7 Noise and Its Effects
3.8 Sources and Types of Noise
3.9 Noise Measurements

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Telecommunication Engineering Principles

PART 3.1
Introduction
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What is decibels
and noise?
3.1 Introduction
3.1 Introduction
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DECIBEL (dB)
Signal in communication system span a range of
extremely wide decibel scale.
Decibel scale
Uses ratios and logarithms
Compress wide span of magnitude into
smaller, easier-to-manipulate range of
numbers
Can be used to compare any 2 signals

3.1 Introduction
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Decibel scale (cont.)
Can be used to measure one signal against
another signal of defined value
Allow relative signal gain and loss to be
measured easily
Allow total gain through multiple stage to be
calculated by simple addition

PART 3.2
Decibels for power and voltage
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Electrical Engineering Technology
3.1 Introduction
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NOISE
Unwanted, interfering signal
Often measured in decibels in relation to the
desired signal
Any circuit may produce its own noise
Amount of noise from the circuit itself adds to the
noise of the received signal must also be
measured as part of the overall system
performance
3.2 Decibels for power and
voltage
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Power and dB
To compare two power signal

Use 2 power value (instead using single
absolute value such as Watt)
Use base 10 logarithm of this ratio (To compress
wide range of signal values into a much smaller
range)

o
P
P
dB
1
log 10 =
3.2 Decibels for power and
voltage
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Voltage and dB
To compare two voltage signal

Using the factor of 20 as the multiplier

Note of caution:
When using the dB scale with voltage and power, the
voltage or current must be measured at points at the
same point in a circuit

o
V
V
dB
1
log 20 =
3.3 Decibel Calculation:
Example
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Example 3.1
The dB value for a signal at 10 W compared to one at
0.5 W.
Example 3.2
A signal enters the circuit with a value of 0.1 V and is
amplified to 5V. The input and output resistances are the
same. The dB ratio that shows the gain in magnitude is
______
Example 3.3
A signal is amplified 100 times in power. The dB gain is
______.

Example
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dB scale can also be NEGATIVE value (when a
signal is reduced in value because of loss)
Example 3.4
Consider a signal whose power is reduced by a factor of
100
Example 3.5
A signal enters the circuit with a value of 5 V and is
attenuated to 0.1V. The input and output resistances are
the same. The dB ratio that shows the gain in magnitude
is ______

PART 3.3
Decibel Calculation: Example
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dB scale can also be ZERO value (when the two
signals have equal power (or voltage) values.

Another important case is when the power is
doubled (P
1
= 2 x P
0
)

Example
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=
=
=
voltage f or dB
V
V
power f or dB
P
P
dB
o
o
0 log 20
0 log 10
1
1
power for
P
P
dB 010 . 3 2 log 10 2 log 10
0
1
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3dB corresponds to a power factor of 2
(approximately)
It means a power factor of one-half
Another one-half is from second signal
For voltage, voltage ratio of 2 is very close to 6
dB

Example
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voltage for
V
V
dB 021 . 6 2 log 20 2 log 20
0
1
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Example 3.6
A new communications cable is installed and the signal
level, in volts, increases by one-half, or 50%. What is the
increase in dB?

Example
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In many instances, the system is specified using
dB values whenever possible, but at some point
we must calculate the exact value of power or
voltage as an absolute value.
For power:

For voltage:

Example
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10
0 1
10
value dB
P P =
10
1
0
10
value dB
P
P =
20
0 1
10
value dB
V V =
20
1
0
10
value dB
V
V =
Example (for power):
For a signal that has been a,plified by 13 dB and
is measured at 1.2 W, the original value was

Another example (for power):
If a 0.2W signal comes into a circuit having a
specified gain of 22 dB, its final value will be

Example
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W
W
P 060 . 0
10
2 . 1
10
2 . 1
3 . 1
10
13
0
= = =
W P 7 . 31 10 2 . 0
10
22
1
= =
Example (for voltage):
A signal of 1.6 V that is amplified by 2.5 dB will
become

Another example (for voltage):
A signal that comes out the final stage of a 9dB
gain amplifier with a measured value of 15V
must had an original input value of

Example
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V V 13 . 2 10 6 . 1
20
5 . 2
1
= =
V V 3 . 5
10
15
20
9
0
= =

PART 3.4
Decibel Reference Value
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dB scale has resulted in the use of several
common reference values in electronics and
communications industries
One common reference is 1mW (equal to
0.001W) for lower power circuit
This is where the dB scale is called dBm

3.4 Decibel Reference Value
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Means that the 0 dB
point reference is 1mW
Example:
A signal of 200 mW expressed in dBm is

Another example:
One ten-thousandth of a watt would then be

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dBm
mW
mW
dB 23
1
200
log 10 = =
dBm
W
W
dB 10
001 . 0
0001 . 0
log 10 = =
For higher-power circuit, 1W is commonly
used as the reference value, dBW
Example:
An audio amplifier might have an output of
7dBW. This correspond to:

Please note that:

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W P 01 . 5 10 1
10
7
1
= =
dBW dBm
dBW dBm
0 30
30 0
=
=
Similarly, the voltage ratio dB scale has
some standard values.
The most common is 1V, denoted by dBV.
Example:
A signal of 8.2 V corresponds to

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dBV 3 . 18
1
2 . 8
log 20 =
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Exercise:
What is the dBV value for 25.7 V?

Another exercise:
Express 0.05V as dBV.

PART 3.5
System Measurements with dB
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3.5 System Measurements
with dB
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Most practical communication systems consists
of many stages
As a signal passes from one stages from one
stage to another, it undergoes some changes in
signal level as well as other characteristics
Example: A signal from tape cassette as it
travels from the playback head of the cassette
unit to the antenna of the broadcast station
with dB
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The output power at each stage can also be
obtained
+20 dB
+10 dB
to
+20 dB
+15 dB
Cassette
playback
head
Preamplifier
Main
amplifier
Power
amplifier
overall gain: +45 dB to +55 dB
antenna
W P 3
0
=
with dB
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The value at the output of the preamplifier

The value at the output of the main amplifier
If gain setting is set to 10 dB

If gain setting is set to 20 dB

W P
er preamplifi
300 10 3
10 / 20
= =
mW W P
amplifier main
3 3000 10 3
10 / 30
= = =
mW W P
amplifier main
30 30000 10 3
10 / 40
= = =
with dB
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Finally at the antenna (according to middle
stage)
For +45 dB gain

For +55dB gain

The dB scale and addition/ substraction of dB values
at each stage make it very simple to incorporate
changes in the overall result

gain dB for mW W P
antenna
45 8 . 94 94868 10 3
10 / 45
= = =
gain dB for mW W P
antenna
55 949 948683 10 3
10 / 55
= = =

PART 3.6
Decibels and Bandwidth
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3.6 Decibels and bandwidth
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Concept of bandwidth
Bandwidth needed to convey information or data
Determined by
Shannon formula
Looking at the amount of data to be transmitted in
fixed time period
Seeing how much bandwidth required to convey data
signal accurately

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Concept of bandwidth
Also considered to be the width of frequency
spectrum between -3dB power point of the signal
amplitude versus frequency graph
-3dB is shortened to 3dB (-ve sign is understood)

0
-3
-6
-9
-12
Bandwidth
dB
f
-3dB is the frequency value where signal power
has fallen to one-half its maximum value, the
same as declined by 3 dB (since 3dB represents
a factor of 2 in power)

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0
-3
-6
-9
-12
Bandwidth
dB
f

PART 3.7
Noise and Its Effect
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Noise
Unwanted signal that corrupts and distorts
desired signals in any way
Original signal can be distorted in shape,
increased or decreased in amplitude, delayed
slightly in time, or otherwise corrupted or
modified
Noise is random, but it has some kind of
characteristics.

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Effects of Noise
Can cause listener to misunderstand the original
signal or be unable to understand it at all
Can cause the receiving system to malfunction
Result in less efficient system

Noise is an unavoidable fact, and the effect of
noise must be taken into account in designing
and operating any communications system.

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PART 3.8
Sources and Types of Noise
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Noise can be divided into two main sources:
external and internal
External noise can be hand made or from
natural origins
Internal noise generated by the circuit
components themselves

3.8 Sources and Types of
Noise
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External noise
Atmospheric noise
produced mostly by lightning discharge in
thunderstorms
As a source in relatively quiet locations at frequencies
below about 20MHz or so
The level of atmospheric noise also decreases with
increasing latitude on the surface of the globe

Noise
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External noise
Galactic noise
Caused by disturbances originating outside the
earths atmosphere
The primary frequency range us from about 15MHz to
perhaps 500MHz
Its power spectrum decreases with increasing
frequency

Noise
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External noise
Impulse noise
Sudden change in voltage and current
Primarily from sudden on/off event

Interference
Interference from nearby communication system
produce some interfering effects

Noise
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Internal noise
Flicker noise
Also called 1/f noise
Most significant near dc and at a few Hertz, and is
usually negligible above about 1kHz or so

Shot noise
Arises from discrete nature of current flow in
electronic device
Effect usually similar to thermal noise

Noise
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Internal noise
Thermal noise (Johnson Noise)
Result from random motion of charged particles in a
conducting medium such as resistor
Power spectrum of thermal noise is quiet wide
Amount noise generated increases with the
temperature

Noise
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kTB P=
Where P = power
k = Boltzmanns constant, 1.38 x 10
-23
J/K
T = absolute temperature in Kelvins
B= bandwidth in Hz
The noise voltage

Equivalent noise resistance the value of a resistor that
would produce the noise value (rms voltage) that was
measured

Noise
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kTBR V
N
4 =
Where V
N
= noise voltage
k = Boltzmanns constant, 1.38 x 10
-23
J/K
T = absolute temperature in Kelvins
R = equivalent noise resistance
B = bandwidth in Hz
Try this!
What is the noise power at room temperature,
25
o
C, when the bandwidth is 1kHz?

Another exercise!
What is the equivalent noise resistance when
the measured noise is 300V, the temperature is
300 K and the bandwidth is 3kHz?

Noise
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PART 3.9
Noise Measurements
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Noise will definitely change the original signal
It must be measured in a meaningful way.
Noise measurements:
Rms value
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
Noise Figure

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rms value
Formed by taking the square root of the average
of individual noise voltages, which have been
squared
For example:
Consider a series of 10 noise values
measured with a voltmeter as -0.3, 1.0, 0.2,
0.5, -0.6, 0.3, 0.1, -0.15, and 0.9V.
The rms value is 0.55V

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Try this!
Noise values in milivolts as follows are
measured at various times: 10, - 100, 35, -57,
90, 26, 26, -10, -15, -20. What is the rms noise
value?

Noise
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Signal-to-noise ratio
Shows how much stronger the desired signal is,
compared with the unwanted noise
Often expressed in dB

where S is the signal power and N is the noise power

Noise
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N
S
dB in SNR log 10 ) ( =
Noise Figure, NF
Defined as the dB ratio of the input signal and
noise ratio to the output signal and noise ra

A good low-noise transistor for low-level
amplification may have NF as low as 1dB
NF of 2 5dB are common

Noise
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noise output signal output
noise input signal input
NF
/
/
log 10 =

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