The OSI Model & the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Protocols It means-a set of rules It is defined as a set of rules that governs communication. Eg: Telephonic conversation there are set of rules that we need to follow Dialing the number Picking up the receiver Hanging up In computer networks, communication occurs between entities. An entity is anything capable of sending and receiving information.

Key elements of a protocol are 1 Syntax Refers to the structure or format of the data,meaning the order in which they are presented. eg- a protocol expect 8 bits to be the address of the sender,next 8 bits to be the address of the receiver and the rest will be the msg. 2 Semantics Refers to the meaning of each section of bits.how is a particular pattern to be interpreted,what action is to be taken based on that interpretation. Eg-does an address identify the route to be taken to the final destination

3 Timings Refers two characteristics:what data should be sent and how fast it can be sent. eg-if a sender produces data at 100 megabits per second but the receiver can process data at only 1 mbps,the transmission will overload the receiver and data will be lost.

Standards These are essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufactures. also in guaranteeing national & international interoperability of data and telecommunications technology and processes. Standards Organisations 1 ISO-International Standard Organization(also reffered as International Organization for Standardization). It is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards.

2 ANSI American National Standards Institute is a completely private, non profit corporation, It aims include serving as the national coordinating institution for United States 3 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering is a professional engineering society in the world. Aims to advance theory, product quality in the field of electrical & electronics engineering.

Protocol Layer A protocol is required when two entities need to communicate. when communication is not simple we divide the task into several layers. Each layer has to deal with the protocol

OSI(Open System Interconnection) Model ISO is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. It covers all aspects of network communication which is known as OSI Model. The purpose is to show how to facilitate communication b/w different systems. It is a model for understanding and designing a n/w architecture that is flexible, robust.

Layers are-

APPLICATION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER SESSION LAYER

TRANSPORT LAYER

NETWORK LAYER

DATA LINK LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

1 Physical Layer Function is to carry a bit stream over a physical medium. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission media. Functions are : Physical characteristics of interfaces and media. Representation of bits Data rate Physical topology(how the devices are connected to make connections) Transmission mode

2 Data link layer It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer Functions are: Framing-it divides the stream of bits received from the n/w layer into manageable data units called frames. Physical addressing-adds a header to the frame to define the sender or receiver Flow control- overwhelming(mouthwatering/irresistibile) Error control-add mechanism to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames, recognize duplicate frames Access control

3 Network layer It is responsible for the source to destination delivery of a packet, across multiple n/w. It ensures that each packet gets from its origin to its final destination. Functions are Logical addressing-this layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper layer that includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver. Routing-when independent networks are connected together to create internetworks, the connecting devices route or switch the packets to their final destination.

4 Transport Layer It is responsible for process to process delivery of the msg.other functions are: Service-point addressing(port address) Segmentation and assembly-msg is divided into transmittable segments containing a sequence number. these numbers enables to reassemble and reach the destination and identify and replace the lost packets Connection control Flow control Error control

5 Session Layer It is the n/w dialog controller. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction b/w communicating systems. Functions are: Dialog control-it allows two systems to enter into a dialog.it allows the communication to take place in half full duplex mode. Synchronization-it allows a process to add checkpoints

6 Presentation Layer Translation-the information is changed to bit streams before it is transmitted. Encryption-it means the sender transform the original information to another form and sends the resulting msg over the n/w. Compression-data compression reduces the number of bits contained in the information. they are useful in text, audio, video.

7 Application Layer N/w virtual terminal File transfer, access and management E-mail services Directory Service

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

APPLICATION PRESENTATION

APPLICATION

SESSION TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT

NETWORK

NETWORK

DATA-LINK

DATA LINK

PHYSICAL

PHYSICAL

ADDRESSES

DATA UNIT

APPLICATION SPECIFIC ADDRESSES

APPLICATION

Message

PORT ADDRESSES LOGICAL ADDRESSES PHYSICAL ADDRESSES

TRANSPORT

Segment

NETWORK

Datagram Frame

DATA LINK

PHYSICAL

Bit Stream

More on Addresses
While routing data packets hop from one node to another, during this process the header information i.e. senders address & receivers address changes according to address of next node. This means physical address of sender & receiver changes from hop to hop(sending address will be replaced by that of sending router & receiving address will be replaced by physical address of next node) while logical address of sender & receiver remains the same throughout the routing process.