Risk Assessment And Management

Safety And Health Officer Certificate Course

Course Objectives
To define what is hazard, risk and danger To explain the risk assessment process in the total management of occupational safety and health To describe the method of identifying hazard To explain risk assessment matrix To explain the hierarchy of control and step to implement control
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Course Topics
Overview of risk and risk assessment

Planning for risk assessment

Risk control

Overview Of Risk And Risk Assessment

What Is Risk?
Definitions
Hazard is anything that can cause harm The danger is the exposure to harm The risk is the likelihood (chance / probability) of harm being done

Risk is estimated by calculation

Risk = Severity (consequence) x Likelihood of harm

Risk Assessment
What Is Risk assessment
overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding whether or not the risk is tolerable

Risk assessment results is documented and used for:

1. Risk control in OSH management 2. Future reference and review
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Why Carry Out Risk Assessment?

Gives organisations a more effective way of managing hazards Requirement of the law e.g.
OSHA:1994, CIMAH & USECHH Regulations

Requirement of management system standards

ILO OSHMS:2000, OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001, etc.
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Risk Assessment Should Be Carried Out For:

Routine and non-routine activities including emergencies; Activities of all personnel having access to the workplace (including subcontractors and visitors); Facilities at the workplace, whether provided-by the organization or others.
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When To Carry Out And Review Risk Assessment

When establishing new organisation, new work and on an ongoing basis and when there are organizational changes. Review whenever there are changes
internal
Before modification, changes or introduction of new
Materials, machinery or processes, working procedures,

external
Amendments of national laws and regulations Developments in OSH knowledge and technology
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Who Will Carry Out Risk Assessment

Person or persons trained to identify hazard and risk assessment
In some cases legally competent person

Consultation with and involvement of workers

Safety and health committee OR workers and their representatives

Involvement of supervisors
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Philosophy Of Risk Management

Identify the hazards Assess the risk Control the risk

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The Process of Risk Management

Start Classify Activities (Work, Product, Services, Activities) Identify Hazards Determine Risk*/Impact Decide if Risk is Tolerable Decide if Impact is Significant
*Risk = Harm X Likelihood

Prepare Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Action Plan
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Where Can You Get Harm From The 4 Ms!

Hazards from:
Machinery - Installation, layout and design of equipment Materials - Substances such as chemicals in the workplace Man The way people carry out their work Media e.g. Quality of air in the workplace, amount and placement of lighting, noise, vibration etc.
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Classification of Hazards
Physical (Mechanical) Electrical Biological Chemical Socio-physical

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Pre-Assessment Information Gathering

Information on the facilities, processes and activities of the organization, including:
Area Map Site plan(s); own and neighbour Process flow-charts Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals, wastes, products, sub-products) Toxicology and other health and safety data Monitoring data
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Pre-Assessment Classifying Work Activities

Geographical areas within/outside the premises; Stages in a production process, or in the provision of a service; Defined tasks (e.g. driving, window cleaning); Identified working groups; Land use; previous property use, future use.
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Methods Of Identifying Hazards

Hazards are identified in three ways: 1. Inspection and observation at the workplace and review of documents and publications 2. Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring the environment or medical surveillance of workers 3. Analysis and brainstorming
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Identifying Hazards By Document Review

Reports of accidents, accident investigation and audits Information from publications
Regulations and Codes of Practice Statistics Handbooks etc. CSDS (MSDS)

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Identifying Hazards By Inspections

TO IDENTIFY HAZARDS Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard approach and record) Involve supervisors, managers and employees

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Identifying Hazards By Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Job described in less than 10 steps Action verb used to describe job List things that can go wrong Note:
The term JSA includes the formulation of safe work procedures using written instructions for workers May still require other risk controls Supervisor and workers assist Ideally all jobs should have a JSA
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Exposure Monitoring
Information Required
Excessive noise Excessive heat Inadequate ventilation Radiation exposure Excessive air contaminants Ergonomic hazards
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Biological & Medical Surveillance -When

Health Surveillance is Warranted if:
Substance is used in workplace Substance is hazardous Evidence or reason to suspect injury Atmospheric monitoring insufficient Techniques available Will benefit those at risk
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Biological & Medical Surveillance - Who

Employees Requiring Health Surveillance
Exposed to hazard for which there is: (i) Identifiable health effect/disease (ii) Likelihood that it could occur (iii) Valid techniques for detecting effect (iv) Valid biological monitoring method and reason to believe values might be exceeded
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Hazards By Analysis And Brain Storming

Used in new plant design specially in process plants:
Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP) Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Fault Tree Analysis Hazards Analysis (HAZAN) Quantitative Risk Assessment etc.
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Example 1. HAZOP (Hazard And Operability Studies)

To identify and evaluate safety hazard in the process plant To identify operability problems New design or process Multidisciplinary brainstorming What if? Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.
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Example 2. FMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)

Possible failures and their effects To eliminate or control failures open Include information in maintenance manuals.
System Scrubber Component Water pump Failure Mode Inadequate water flow

sticks close
Failure Effect Increased environmental pollution
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Component level

Determining Severity Of Harm -1

The consequence of an accident is harm or loss of assets. Categorise severity of harm by:
a) Part(s) of the body likely to be affected b) Nature of the harm, ranging
from slight to extremely harmful

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Determining Severity Of Harm -2

Define and categories into three categories (or more): and
1) Slightly harmful, e.g. minor cuts and bruises; eye irritation from dust; 2) Harmful, e.g. lacerations; burns; concussion; serious sprains; minor; deafness; dermatitis; asthma; upper limb disorders; leading to permanent minor disability; 3) Extremely harmful, e.g. amputations; major fractures; poisonings; multiple injuries; fatal injuries
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Determining Likelihood Of Harm - 1

When establishing the likelihood of harm the existing risk controls in place need to be considered. Determine likelihood categories into say three categories (or more):
E.g. highly likely, likely, unlikely

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Determining Likelihood Of Harm - 2

Unsafe Conditions:
Failure due to:
Plant, machinery, safety devices and failure of utilities e. g, electricity and water, exposure to the elements

Exposure to hazardous substances:

E.g. number of personnel exposed, frequency and duration of exposure, concentration and toxicity of substances
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Determining Likelihood Of Harm - 3

Unsafe Acts by persons who:
May not know what the hazards are; May not have the knowledge, physical capacity, or skills to do the work; Underestimate risks exposure; Underestimate value of safe working methods; Horseplay and taking short.
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Estimating The Risk The Risk Assessment Matrix

Slightly Harmful Unlikely Likely Highly Likely Trivial Risk Tolerable Risk Moderate Risk Harmful Extremely Harmful Tolerable Risk Moderate Risk Moderate Risk Substantial Risk

Substantial Intolerable Risk Risk

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The Risk Assessment Matrix - 1

To simplify Evaluation use letters or numbers to denote risk level
1(Low Likelihood) x 5(Extremely Harmful) = 5
Harm

1
(Low)

2
(Medium)

5
(High)

Likelihood

1
2

(Unlikely)
(Likely)

1
2

2
4

5
10

5(H. Likely)

10

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Multi Entry Risk Assessment Form

Activities / process / facilities/ equipment Hazard Effect Current Risk Control Legal Reqmt Risk Sev. Prob. Risk Rating Action & Recommendations

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Basic Principles Of Risk Management

1. Integrate Risk Management as part of planning at all levels of business 2. Accept no unnecessary risks 3. Make risk decisions appropriately (depending on level of risk) 4. Accept risks when benefits outweigh costs 5. Manage the risk
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Decision For Action - 1

Decisions for action depends on the degree of risk.
Description Qualitative* Quantitative*

1.Trivial,

L,L /L,M

<2

2.Tolerable 3.Moderate 4.Substantial 5.Intolerable

L,H M,M M,H H,H

>2 >4 >5 >10

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*Based on previous examples

Decision For Action - 2

Trivial and Tolerable Risk
No additional controls are required Consider cost-effective solution or improvements Monitor to ensure controls are maintained
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Decision For Action - 3

Moderate risk - Efforts should be made to reduce the risk - For extremely harmful consequences re-assess and introduce improved control measures
Substantial risk Intolerable risk - Work should not be started until the risk has been reduced - Work should not be started

or continued
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Decision For Action - 4

AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP) PRINCIPLE

Risk cannot be justified on any grounds

Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

LEVE L OF RISK

A L A Reduce risk R need for detailed P No action

Risk is undertaken if a benefit is desired

TOLERABLE IF:
Reduction Impractical or Cost / gain grossly Disproportionate

Trivial
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Hierarchy Of Control
Most Effective
Elimination - remove the hazard

Fairly Effective
Substitution - use less hazardous one Isolation- Barriers etc. Engineering - Guarding

Least Effective
Administrative (safe work practices, limit exposure, etc Last resort - PPE

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Four Steps To Implementing Risk Control

1. Remove hazards at source before applying administrative measures 2. Prioritises according to hierarchy of control 3. Establish System Of Work if administrative control are indicated 4. Inform and train affected employees before Implementation
Especially if there are control changes
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Consideration In Implementing Risk Control

Review measures regularly; modify if necessary Comply with national laws and regulations Reflect good practice; and Consider the current state of knowledge Include information or reports from organizations such as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others.
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Summary
The basis of OSH management is the identification of hazard, risk assessment and control Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspection of the workplace to reviewing legislation Risk assessment allows an organisation to build a sound basis for managing hazard Control hazards by elimination first; use PPE as protection of last resort
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