GSM Training Final

Training Program NETWORK SERVICES
AN INTRODUCTION TO GSM Fundamentals

Global System for Mobile Communication
IDEA Cellular Limited Network Services, Maharashtra
Contents
Brief History of GSM Features of GSM GSM Identities GSM Network Hierarchy
Location Updating
System Architecture - Network Architecture
Transmission Problems Traffic Cases
IDEA Cellular Limited
Network Services, Maharashtra
Contents Contd.
Cell Planning
Interference Types
Subscriber Services Coverage of IDEA Maharashtra
GSM Tech. Specifications

Prepaid Services Technology Comparison (GSM Vs CDMA)
GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)

EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
History of GSM
1982: CEPT(Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications) establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a pan-European cellular mobile system. 1988: Validation of the GSM System.
1991: Commercial launch of the GSM service.
1992: Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU> Coverage

of larger cities/airports. 1993: Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe. 1995: Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas.
GSM Driving Forces
Need for Frequency Re-use
Need for common standards

Need for greater capacity Demand for new services Demand for lower cost equipment Need for greater competition Increased security Advanced services
Features of GSM

Spectrum efficiency Low mobile and base stations costs
Good subjective voice quality

Compatibility with other systems such as ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Open Network Architecture
Ability to support new services classified into three groups:

-Tele-Services -Bearer Services -Supplementary Services
Features of GSM Contd

Speech Services
-Telephony(+Voice Mail)
-Emergency Calls
Short Message Service(SMS) - SMS is similar to the paging service,but much more comprehensive,allowing bi-directional messages,store-and-forward delivery,and acknowledgement of a successful delivery. GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)
GSM Identities
In order to switch a call to mobile subscriber,the right entities need to be involved.

It is thus important to address them correctly. Numbering plans are used to identify different networks.
- Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN) :

A number that uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription
As per CCITT recommendations,MSISDN is composed as follows

MSISDN = CC + NDC + NC + SN CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
NC
SN eg .
= Network Code(For Idea,it is 22/50)

= Subscriber Number
919822012345 = 91 + 98 + 22 + 012345
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

IMSI is the information which uniquely identifies a subscriber in a GSM
PLMN(Public Land Mobile Network) This number is allocated to each subscriber for a correct identification over the radio path and through the GSM PLMN network. IMSI is used for all signaling in PLMN IMSI is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),HLR and serving VLR IMSI consists of: IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN MCC = Mobile Country Code ( 3 digits) MNC = Mobile Network Code ( 2 digits) MSN = Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (max 10 digits) eg : 404 + 22 + 0000123456
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Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) This number is a temporary number used to route a call
HLR knows the MSC/VLR area of the subscriber
HLR requests the current MSC/VLR to allocate and return a MSRN for called subscriber. HLR then sends the received MSRN to the GMSC,thus routing the call to the MSC/VLR where subscriber is registered. MSRN has three parts: MSRN = CC + NDC + SN CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code

NC = Network Operator Code SN = Subscriber Number (Address to serving MSC ) eg. : 91 + 98 + 22 + 005XXX Where,005XXX is sent by MSC. 00 is for Pune MSC,20 is for Nagpur MSC,10 is for Goa MSC.
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International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

IMEI is used for equipment identity
IMEI consists of : IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp TAC = Type Approval Code ( 6 digit ) FAC = Final Assembly Code (2 digit ) identifies manufacturer
SNR = Serial Number ( 6 digit )

sp = spare for future use ( 1 digit ) eg. : 352518 + 00 + 581976 + 3 Where, 35 is for Nokia Handsets. IMEI length is 15 digits.
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Location Area Identity (LAI) Used for Location Updating of Mobile Subscribers
LAI consists of :
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC

MCC = Mobile Country Code (same numbering plan as in IMSI) MNC = Mobile Network Code ,identifies the GSM PLMN in that country (as in IMSI ) LAC = Location Area Code ,identifies Location Area within GSM PLMN.Length is 16 bits thus 65536 location areas can be defined in one GSM PLMN.
eg. 404 +22 + 10000 where 10000 is the LAC for Pune.
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Cell Global Identity (CGI)
Used to identify a cell within the GSM network

Only a CI parameter is added to LAI CI = cell Identity,identifies a cell within a location area,max 16 digits eg. 404 + 22 + 10000 + 726 Where,
404 + 22 + 10000 is the LAI for Pune and 726 is the CI of one of the cells of Pune.CI is different for all the three sectors of the cell.
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Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) :

Allows mobile station to distinguish between different neighboring base stations. BSIC consists of : BSIC = NCC + BCC NCC = Network Colour Code ( 3 bits ).Used to identify operators on each side of the border BCC = Base Station Colour Code (3 bits ),identifies Base Station to help distinguish between BTS using the same BCCH frequencies eg. 71 Where 7 is the NCC for IDEA Operator.
and 1 is the BCC.BCC can range from 0 to 7.
15
GSM Network Hierarchy

GSM AREA PLMN Service Area MSC/VLR Area Location Area
Cell
VLR
VLR
HLR
MSC
MSC
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Cell
Cell
Area covered by the BTS which transmits and receives signals on Radio Channels Cell provides the complete coverage for the designed area Each cell is allocated a number of Radio Channels.The MS and BTS communicate over these radio channels. Cell is identified by a number called CGI Cell Global Identification
17
Types of Cells
Different density of population gives the need for different types of cells: Macro Cells Micro Cells Selective Cells Umbrella Cells
- Macro Cell : Large cells for remotely and scarcely populated area. - Micro Cell : Cells used in densely populated areas
Area is divided into smaller cells hence number of channels are increased. Capacity is also increased Power level is decreased,thus reducing interference.
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Selective Cell :
Used to define a cell with full coverage. Cells with particular coverage and shape such as a tunnel are called selective cells.
Umbrella Cell : An umbrella cell covers several small micro cells

Power level of Umbrella Cell is kept high compared to micro cells forming the umbrella cell. Umbrella cell thus handles high speed mobiles reducing internal handovers Mobile thus stays longer within the same Umbrella Cell
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Location Area
Cell
Cell
Cell LA
A group of Cells form a Location Area

Location Area is identified by Location Area Identity (LAI) Within the location area A Paging Message is broadcast to inform the MS of an incoming call. VLR need not be updated when subscriber moves between different Location Areas. Each BTS in a Location Areas is controlled by a BSC . Each Location Area can be served by one or more BSC One Location Area can be served by one MSC only.
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MSC/VLR Area
MSC/VLR Area
Service Area
Cell
Cell
Location Area
VLR Cell
Cell
LA1
MSC
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA2
MSC and VLR are combined to form one unit Area served by this MSC/VLR is called as MSC/VLR Area Contains one or more Location Areas Calls to subscribers within that service area will be routed to the MSC serving the service area
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PLMN Area
MSC/VLR Area 1 MSC/VLR Area 2
VLR
Location Area
Cell
Location Area
Cell
MSC 1
VLR
MSC 2
HLR
HLR 1
One or More MSC/VLR areas are combined to form a PLMN Area

PLMN Area is the area covered by one network operator Each PLMN area has atleast one HLR which contains the data for subscribers within its PLMN area More than one HLR can be used depending on the number of subscribers
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GSM Area
GSM AREA
PLMN AREA
MSC/VLR AREA
Cell
Geographical Area within which GSM Service is available Consists of all PLMN areas within GSM Subscriber in a GSM area can continuously use the network.
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Location Updating
In order to route an incoming call it is necessary that the network should
know the location of the subscriber As the subscriber roams through the network,the MS informs the network of the current location .This process is called as Location Updating.
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
Cell
LA2
Location Update Done.

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Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
Cell
LA2
25
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
Cell
LA2
26
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
Cell
LA2
Location Update Not Required

27
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
Cell
LA2
28
Location Updating
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
Cell
LA2
Location Update Required because subscriber moved to new location area.

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Attached / Detached
MS can be ATTACHED when - MS is turned ON - MS is busy,eg. Call in progress - MS is idle MS is DETACHED when - MS is turned OFF
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System Architecture
A GSM system is basically designed as a combination of three major subsystems: the Network Switching Sub System (NSS) or (SSS)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

the Operation Support Subsystem (OSS).
The Mobile Station (MS) is usually considered to be part of the BSS.

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Network Architecture
AUC VLR HLR MSC EIR
Switching System (SS)
OMC
Base Station System (BSS)
BSC BTS
MS
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Mobile Station
It Consists of two main elements:
The mobile equipment or terminal
The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile Equipment/Terminal:
There are different types of terminals distinguished principally be their power and application: - Fixed Terminals: The ones installed in cars.Max. allowed output power is 20W. - GSM Portable Terminals: The ones installed in vehicles.Max. allowed output power is 8W.
- Handheld Terminals: Which have experienced biggest success because of their decreasing weight and volume.They emit up to 2W power.With evolution of technologies the max. allowed power has decreased to 0.8W.
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SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
Smart card which identifies the terminal.
Protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). In order to identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM card contains some parameters of the user such as its International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
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BSC
Base Station System (BSS)
BTS
MS
Incharge of Transmission and Reception. Divided into two parts: - Base Transreceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station (BS). - Base Station Controller (BSC).
Connects MS and SS (Switching Subsystem)
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Base Station Trans Receiver (BTS):
Corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. Size of the cell depends on BTSs transmitting power
Base Station Controller (BSC):
BSC controls one or more number of BTSs.
Controls handovers,frequency hopping,exchange functions and radio frequency power levels of BTSs.
BSC
BTS
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Switching Subsystem (SS)
The switching subsystem includes the equipment and functions related to end-to-end calls, management of subscribers, mobility,and interface with the fixed PSTN. The network and the switching subsystem together include the main switching functions of GSM as well as the databases needed for subscriber data and mobility management.
Switching Subsystem consists of: - Mobile Switch Center (MSC) - Visitor Location Register (VLR) - Home Location Register (HLR) - Authentication Center (AUC) - Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
AUC
VLR
HLR
MSC
EIR
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Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC):
Performs switching functions of the network.
Provides connection to other networks.

Call Control and Mobility Management. Management of MSC-Subscriber Signaling. Interface to HLR,VLR,EIR. Charging Management.
AUC
VLR HLR MSC EIR
Decides whether to grant access to an MS to make a call
Tone and Announcements.

Interface between mobile cellular network and the PSTN. In charge of routing calls from the fixed network towards a GSM user.
Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center (GMSC):
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Home Location Register (HLR) AUC
VLR
HLR MSC
EIR
Database that stores information of Subscribers within its MSC/VLR area Subscriber Number Details of supplementary services ,whether subscriber can make international calls etc Subscriber Authentication Parameters ,which is obtained from AUC
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Visitor Location Register (VLR) AUC VLR HLR EIR
MSC
The VLR constitutes the database that supports the MSC in the storage and retrieval of the data of subscribers present in its area. The VLR supports a mobile paging and tracking subsystem in the local area where the mobile is presently roaming. A VLR may be in charge of one or several Location Areas.
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Authentication Centre (AUC) AUC VLR HLR MSC
EIR
Authentication information and ciphering keys are stored in a database within the AUC, which protects the user information against unwanted disclosure and access. The HLR is responsible for the "authentication" of the subscriber each time he makes or receives a call.AUC only generates the authentication parameters. The AUC, which actually performs this function, is a separate GSM entity that will often be physically included with the HLR.
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Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

VLR
AUC HLR MSC EIR EIR
EIR is a database that stores the IMEI numbers for all registered MS.
There are three classes of MS that are stored in the database, and each group has different characteristics. White List: contains those IMEIs that are known to have been assigned to valid MSs. Black List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have been reported stolen. Gray List: contains IMEIs of mobiles that have problems (for example, faulty software, wrong make of the equipment). This list contains all MSs with faults not important enough for barring.
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Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC)
OMC
The main purpose of the OMC is to perform all operations and maintenance functions on elements of the GSM PLMN system. The OMC uses a separate Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) to communicate with the various components of the GSM system. In general, it is done through leased lines on the PSTN or other fixed networks. In our Network,OMC is not separate.It is a part of the BSC only.
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Location Updating in new MSC/VLR Area

VLR-1 MSC 1 VLR-2
HLR
MSC 2
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
LA1
Cell
LA2
MS is registered in new MSC/VLR VLR sends message to networks HLR HLR thus gets the new location VLR can now get subscriber parameters from HLR HLR then : updates the location of subscriber sends subscriber information to VLR instructs VLR of old MSC to erase subscriber data
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Transmission Problems
In radio communication the transmission quality varies from one place to another. Two major factors affecting quality of transmission are: 1. 2. Distance between transmitter and receiver Reflections or obstructions due to man made or natural structures
- General Transmission problems affecting Transmission Quality:

Path Loss Shadowing Multi path Fading
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Path Loss
As the MS moves away from the Base Station the signal strength reduces
46
Path Loss
47
Path Loss
48
Path Loss
As the MS moves away from the Base Station the signal strength reduces This decrease in strength is called PATH LOSS. Power Loss d2f2 where,d is the distance from the BTS f is the frequency Thus power decreases with distance and frequency But in the cellular system,due to the presence of Base Station this problem does not occur as a new transmission path is established before the previous is broken
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Shadowing
More often we observe hills ,trees and buildings between MS and the BTS
50
Shadowing
51
Shadowing
52
Shadowing
This environmental attenuation of radio signal is called SHADOWING.

Thus signal strength increases or decreases depending on the presence of obstacles between the Tx and Rx antenna Thus a mobile subscriber experiences both PATH LOSS and SHADOWING
53
Multi Path Fading
Signal transmitted by a BTS may be interfered by:

Trees Buildings Hills Other Vehicles This produces more than one path between the BTS and MS. Thus some signals may be cancelled which reduces the signal strength.
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Traffic Cases

Call from PSTN Subscriber to a Mobile Subscriber Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a PSTN Subscriber Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a Mobile Subscriber Call from PSTN to Mobile when a Mobile Subscriber is in Roaming Call from Mobile to Mobile when a Mobile Subscriber is in Roaming
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Call from PSTN to a Mobile Subscriber

4. IMSI HLR 3. MSISDN 6. MSRN 5. MSRN VLR MSC
GMSC
2. MSISDN
BSC PSTN EXCH
BTS
1. MSISDN MS
The The VLR The GMSC selects interrogates a roaming number(MSRN) the HLR where the and subscriber links itMSC. to is the registered IMSI for tothe find GMSC requests a Mobile Random Number(MSRN).The MSRN is The PSTN GMSC routes uses this the call number to the to nearest route the Gateway call toMobile the MSC(GMSC) First,the PSTN subscriber dials the GSM subscribers number( MSISDN). HLR call forwards can then the be MSRN switched to the via the GMSC. BSS to the Subscriber. In the HLR,the MSISDN isStation translated into an International Mobile Subscriber duration where of the the subscriber call.VLR sends is currently the MSRN located to i.e. the the HLR MSC service area. a temporary number used by the GMSC to route the call to the correct Identity (IMSI) and sent to the VLR. The interrogates the VLR for routing information. TheHLR MSC checks the VLR for Location Area of the Subscriber. MSC in the service area currently being visited by the MS.
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Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a PSTN Subscriber

PSTN B-Number
VLR MSC
Call Request BTS Call Request Call Acknowledgement
This message is processed by the MSC/VLR by: The MS in turns sends the B-number and this is switched the MSC/VLR to If the MS is being granted access to the network,then a call request A Marking the MS busy is sent by the MS to the MSC/VLR. call request message the PSTN. When the call has been set up by the PSTN,the to MSC/VLR acknowledgement is sent from MSC/VLR the MS.will allocate a Completing the Authentication Procedure TCH to the MS and the call will be connected. Preparing for Ciphering Checking the mobile subscribers categories
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Call from a Mobile Subscriber to a Mobile Subscriber MSISDN

GMSC
MSISDN
MSISDN, MSRN Request
MSRN MSRN Request
VLR-1
HLR
IMSI
MSRN
VLR-2
MSC
Call Request Call Acknowledgement
MSC
Page Message
BSC
BTS
BSC
BTS
Subscriber A
Subscriber B
Subscriber A sends the B-number(MSISDN) to the MSC/VLR-1. When the B-subscriber responds to the page message,a traffic channel is the Subscriber A sends a call request to the MSC/VLR-1.This is processed by the If the MS is being granted access to the network,then amessage call request acknowledgement The Bsubscribers MSC/VLR routes the call to the BSC which then sends page The GMSC sends an MSRN request to the HLR. The VLR-2 sends a MSRN to the HLR and the HLR sends it to the GMSC. The HLR converts the MSISDN to IMSI and sends the MSRN request to the MSC/VLR1 from by marking MS busy,completing the Authentication both Athe and Bsubscriber BSCs and the is connected. The GMSC now uses MSRN to route calland to the B-call Subscribers MSC/VLR-2 The MSC/VLR-1 analyses the B-number(MSISDN) routes the call to the GMSC. isallocated sent from the MSC/VLR-1 to the MS. the message to the B-subscriber. VLR-2. procedure,preparing for Ciphering and checking the Mobile Subscribers categories. IDEA Cellular Limited Network Services, Maharashtra 58
Call from PSTN to Mobile in Roaming

HLR-Pune
MSRN MSC/VLRMumbai
GMSC
Call Request PSTN EXCH
Paging
BSC BTS
Roaming Subscriber PSTN Subscriber
PUNE
MUMBAI
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Call from Mobile to Mobile in Roaming

HLR-Pune
MSRN MSC/VLRMumbai
MSC
Call Request Paging
BSC BTS
BSC BTS
Calling Subscriber
Roaming Subscriber
PUNE
MUMBAI
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Cell Planning
Initial information required for cell planning is: The likely geographical distribution of Mobile Units. The traffic behavior of subscribers. The required quality of service. The required geographical coverage.
All Cell Planning begins by making a Nominal Cell Plan. This is a proposed layout of cells which meet the given: Quality Coverage Capacity requirements. The traffic calculations are done with a unit called Erlangs.
61
Important Definitions
Cell: The area that is covered from a BTS.
Omni Cell: A Cell with an omni-directional BTS antenna system.

Sector Cell: A Cell with a (uni-) directional BTS antenna system. Site: The geographical location where the RBS equipment is stored,and the BTS antennas are mounted.
3-Sector-Site: A site with equipment for three sector cells.

Uplink: When signal travels from MS(Mobile Station) to BTS(Base Transreceiver Station),it is called uplink. Downlink: When signal travels from BTS(Base Transreceiver Station to MS(Mobile Station),it is called downlink. Repeater: It is a bi-directional RF(Radio Frequency) amplifier system that picks up the signals from an existing base station(donor),amplifies it and redirects it to the subscribers.It extends coverage to another area. Booster: It is an amplifier which is used to amplify the signal level at any place and throw the signal in the same area.It is generally used for indoor coverage.
62
The Hexagon Cell Shape

Real world planning must consider the fact that radio propagation is very much dependent on Terrain and other factors.
63
Handover
Handover is a process in which an MS in active connection state is moved to another radio channel Handover can occur : Within the same BSC area : BSC has to make connection to the new BTS Different BSC area but same MSC/VLR area : BSC has to make connection with new BSC and from this BSC to new BTS .The new BTS then connects to the MS Different MSC/VLR area : Both MSC/VLRs are now involved. - MSC/VLR1 sends a Handover Request to MSC/VLR2. - New BSC sets up connection to new BTS. - When connection is ready,new BSC informs old BSC and in turn the MS to execute Handover
64
Interference Types
Co-Channel interference(C/I): It is the ratio of the level of the received desired signal level to the level of the received undesired signal level. It is caused by frequency reuse in the cellular network.
If a system can tolerate a lot of co-channel interference,cells using the same channels can be located closer to each other.
The greater tolerance a system can offer w.r.t co-channel interference,the greater the capacity it can offer.
65
Adjacent Channel Interference(C/A):

It occurs,for eg.,when a BTS transmitting on a frequency f,picks up a signal from a mobile station or BTS in another cell transmitting on a neighboring frequency. A neighboring frequency is a frequency which is 200Khz higher or lower than f. Received Adjacent Signal Channel f Channel Strength f+200kHz
f+200kHz ADJACENT
Because these frequencies are adjacent,(only separated by 200 kHz),some of the power in the adjacent frequency will break through the receiver filter for frequency f and cause interference.
66
Subscriber Services
Telecommunication services are divided into: ~ Tele-services : Provides subscriber with all necessary terminal equipment to communicate with other subscriber. ~ Supplementary Services : Accomplished by complementing various GSM Services
- Tele-services :
Speech : Most fundamental service offered in order to make and receive calls to fixed and mobile subscribers all over the world. Facsimile group : This service facilitates a GSM connected fax to communicate with any analogue fax in the fixed network. Short Message services (SMS) : A message consisting of around 160 messages to be sent to subscriber.It can be sent even if mobile is switched off.
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SMS Cell Broadcast : A short message can be broadcasted to all mobile within a certain geographical area. DTMF : Dual Tone Multi Frequency is a tone signaling scheme often used for various control purposes via the telephone network. Voice Mail : Service is an answering machine which records the voice of calling subscriber and can be listened to whenever required using a personal code.
- Supplementary Services :
Call Forwarding : Service gives subscriber facility to forward incoming calls to another number under different conditions: - Call forward on MS not reachable - Call forwarding when MS is busy - Call forwarding on no reply - Call forward unconditional
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Barring of outgoing calls : The subscriber can activate or deactivate service from the mobile station.Conditions of Call Barring are: - Barring of all outgoing calls
- Barring all outgoing international calls

- Barring of all outgoing international calls except those directed to home PLMN Barring of Incoming Calls : Bars subscribers incoming calls.Conditions for this barring are: - Barring of all incoming calls - Barring of incoming calls when roaming outside home PLMN Advice of charge : Provides subscriber with information required to calculate an estimate of charge for a call. Call Waiting : Subscriber is notified of an incoming call when one call is in progress. Call Hold : Allows subscriber to switch between calls ,keeping the other on hold.
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Multi-party service : Enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multi-party conservation. Calling line Identification Presentation Services : This service provides both restriction and presentation of calling line identity.Presentation allows calling number to be displayed whereas restriction prevents the display of calling number. Connected line Identification Restriction : This services allows/disallows the called partys number to be displayed. Closed user group : Enables subscribers connected to the PLMN/ISDN and possibly other networks to form groups to and from which access is restricted.Members of group can communicate with each other but not generally with users outside the group.
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Coverage of IDEA Maharashtra
71
GSM Tech. Specifications

Frequency Band : Up link Down link Duplex distance Carrier distance Modulation Access method 890 MHz -915 MHz 935 MHz -960 MHz 45 MHz 200 KHz GMSK TDMA & FDMA
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Prepaid Services
Prepaid is a service where in subscriber has to pay in advance
Features of Prepaid service : - Rechargeable options - Customized messages - Multiple languages and automatic language selection
- Fixed number auto-dialing

- Automatic expiration date - Warning messages - User friendly management of activation,deactivation and recharges - Short message services (SMS)
73
Prepaid Services Contd

- Call forwarding
- Call cost and after call balance (depending on the operator)

- Other promotional features benefits - Almost all services that are available for postpaid subscribers can be availed by a prepaid subscriber
74
Prepaid Services/IN(Intelligent Network)
Prepaid Subscribers are charged online for their services using the IN (Intelligent Network ) IN contains database of balance of each prepaid subscriber in terms of Rupees IN also contains Voucher Database and Tariff Tables Before a prepaid subscriber originates a call or sends an SMS, MSC interrogates with IN. IN checks subscriber balance, reserves the amount applicable to that call from subscribers balance and then lets the call complete.
Once subscribers balance reaches zero or his validity period expires,he can buy a new voucher and update.
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Air Interface Techniques
Different techniques are adopted to use the same frequency band by different users without causing interference. Some of the Air Interface Access techniques are:
- TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access ) : Channel is divided into a number of Time Slots. - FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access ) : Available spectrum is divided into a number of radio channels of specified bandwidth.
- CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access ) : All users share the same radio frequency at the same time and are channelised by using unique assigned code.
TDMA
FDMA
CDMA
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GSM Vs CDMA
Radio Channel is divided into sequential time slots Used in most developed nations and has more than 500 million subscribers all over the world GSM Mobiles have a SIM card which has many functions and is convenient . ( eg You can change handset w/o change of number or settings) Range from tower is approx 35 kms Frequency is channelized by using unique access code Used mostly in South Korea,North America,Australia,Taiwan and parts of China.Has 80 million subscribers CDMA Mobiles do not have SIM cards hence one has to stick to the same handset wherever he goes Range from tower is approx 110 kms
Power output from GSM phone is 2 W

Talk-time is high due to pulse nature As the number of users over network increases voice quality remains good Data transmission speed is only 56 kbps.But can be improved with GPRS and EDGE
Power output from CDMA phone is 200 mW

Talk-time is low as it transmits all time As the number of users increases over the network,voice quality deteriorates. Data transmission is high from 153 Kbps to 614 Kbps.
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GPRS (General Packet Radio Service )

Non-voice value added service GPRS offers faster data transmission via a GSM network within a range of 9.6 Kbps to 115 Kbps Users can make a telephone call and receive data at the same time i.e. one can make calls and receive E-Mail messages at the same time
- Features of GPRS :
- Speed :Provides a max speed of 21 Kbps per time slot (Depending on quality of network & number of simultaneous users) - Instant Connectivity: GPRS facilitates instant connections whereby information can be sent or received immediately as the need arises, subject to radio coverage. No dial-up modem connection is necessary. - New and Better Applications : All applications available over internet will be enabled in GPRS such as FTP,chat E-mail etc.
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EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

An add-on to GPRS and cannot work alone It allows consumers to connect to the Internet and send and receive data, including digital images, web pages and photographs, three times faster than an ordinary GSM/GPRS network . EDGE enables GSM operators to offer higher-speed mobile-data access, serve more mobile-data customers, and free up GSM network capacity to accommodate additional voice traffic, as compared to GPRS. Provides higher throughput and capacity by adding new modulation and coding to GPRS and by making radio link adjustments to protocols. IDEA CELLUAR LTD is the First Operator to provide EDGE services in INDIA.
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Training Program NETWORK SERVICES

AN INTRODUCTION TO GSM Fundamentals

Transmission Problems Traffic Cases

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

GSM Tech. Specifications

GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)

1992: Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU> Coverage

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

GSM Driving Forces

Need for Frequency Re-use

Need for common standards

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Spectrum efficiency Low mobile and base stations costs

Good subjective voice quality

Ability to support new services classified into three groups:

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Features of GSM Contd

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

- Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN) :

A number that uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription

As per CCITT recommendations,MSISDN is composed as follows

NDC = National Destination Code

= Network Code(For Idea,it is 22/50)

IDEA Cellular Limited

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

NDC = National Destination Code

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

SNR = Serial Number ( 6 digit )

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Cell Global Identity (CGI)

Used to identify a cell within the GSM network

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) :

and 1 is the BCC.BCC can range from 0 to 7.

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

GSM Network Hierarchy

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Umbrella Cell : An umbrella cell covers several small micro cells

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

A group of Cells form a Location Area

One or More MSC/VLR areas are combined to form a PLMN Area

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra

Location Update Done.

IDEA Cellular Limited

Network Services, Maharashtra