PHP Intro

PHP
Introduction
History
• Conceived in fall of 1994

• PHP Version 1 in spring 1995
• PHP Version 2 1995-1997
• PHP Version 3 1997-2000
• PHP Version 4 in Q2 2000
• Development Team (339 people)
– Community effort!
Statistics
• As of July 1, 2001
• out of 31,299,592 Domains
– PHP installed on 22.2% of all domains
• source: Netcraft
• out of 1,984,899 Apache Servers surveyed
– 846,501 (42.65%) PHP
• source: SecuritySpace.com
Platforms
Platforms (current):
UNIX (all variants)
Win32 (NT/W95/W98/W2000)
Platforms (experimental):
QNX
OS/390
MacOS (WebTen)
AS/400
OSX
OS/2
BeOS
Server Interfaces:
Apache module (UNIX,Win32)
CGI
Server Interfaces Experimental):
fhttpd module
ISAPI module (IIS, Zeus) Apache 2.0 module
NSAPI module (Netscape iPlanet)
Java servlet
AOLServer
Roxen module
thttpd module
Embedding
HTML Embedding
SGML style: <? code ?>
XML style: <?php code ?>
ASP style: <% code %>
Javascript style: <script language="php"> code </script>
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>Search results for "<?php print $query; ?>"</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Traditional CGI programming
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "<HTML><HEAD>\n";
print " <TITLE>Search results for \"$query\"</TITLE>\n";
print "</HEAD>\n";
print "<BODY>\n";
Switching modes
Syntax and switching modes:
<? if(strstr($HTTP_USER_AGENT,"MSIE")) { ?>

<b>You are using Internet Explorer</b>
<? } else { ?>
<b>You are not using Internet Explorer</b>
<? } ?>
Output:
You are not using Internet Explore

Form Handeling
<form action="action.php" method="POST">

Your name: <input type=text name=name><br>
You age: <input type=text name=age><br>
<input type=submit>
</form>
Action.php
Hi <?echo $name?>.
You are <?echo $age?> years old.
C-like Syntax
<?
for ($loop = -5; $loop < 5; $loop++) {
if ($i < 0) {
echo "-";
} elseif ($i > 0) {
echo "+";
}
echo "$loop<BR>\n";
}
while(--$loop) {
switch($i % 2) {
case 0:
echo "Even<BR>\n";
break;
case 1:
echo "Odd<BR>\n";
break;
}
}
do {
echo "$loop<BR>";
} while (++$loop < 10);
?>
Data types
Basic data types
numbers (integers and real)

Decimal 1234, Octal 0777, Hex 0xff
strings
Double-quoted "abc", single-quoted 'abc'
booleans
true,false
Dynamic typing
Don't have to declare types

Automatic conversion done
Example <? echo 5 + "1.5" + "10e2"; ?>
Output: 1006.5
Arrays
Ordered Arrays:
<?
$a[0] = 1;
$a[1] = "foo";
$a[] = 1.57;
?>
Associative Arrays:
<?
$catch_it['cat'] = "mouse";
$catch_it['dog'] = "cat";
?>
Manipulating
Sorting: sort(), rsort(), ksort(), usort(), array_multisort()

Traversal: reset(), end(), next(), each(), current(), key(), array_walk()
Advanced: array_diff(), array_intersect(), array_merge(), array_merge_recursive(),
array_slice(), array_splice() and lots more...
Array Manipulation
<?$arr = array(1,'foo',1.57,'cat'=>'mouse','dog'=>'mailman');?>
<?
PHP 3: current($arr) 1
while(list($k,$v)=each($arr)){ next($arr) foo
PHP 4: foreach( $arr as $k=>$v ) { current($arr) foo
echo "\$arr[$k] = $v<br>\n"; prev($arr) 1
} end($arr) mailman
current($arr) mailman
?> key($arr) dog
reset($arr) 1
each($arr) array(0,1)
Output:
each($arr) array(1,'foo')
$arr[0] = 1 each($arr) array(2,1.57)
$arr[1] = foo
$arr[2] = 1.57
$arr[cat] = mouse
$arr[dog] = mailman
User functions
<?
function log_data($user, &$data) {
mysql_query("INSERT INTO userdata VALUES ('".
uniqid()."', '$user', '$data')");
}
?>
Pass by reference
<? log_data($PHP_AUTH_USER, $data); ?>
Default values
<?
function header($title="Default Title") {?>
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>
<? echo $title ?>
</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><?
}
?>
OOP
<?class Cart {
var $items;
function add_item($artnr, $num) {
$this->items[$artnr] += $num;
}
} ?>
Inheriting a class with a Constructor

<?class NamedCart extends Cart {
var $owner;
function NamedCart($name) {
$this->owner = $name;
}
} ?>
Invocation:
<? $cart = new NamedCart("PenguinGear");
$cart->add_item(170923, 2);?>
Date/Time Functions
Date Format Definition
a Prints am or pm (lowercase
A Prints AM or PM (uppercase)
d Prints numerical day of month with leading zeros (01,02,….)
D Prints day of week as 3 letter abbrev (Mon, Tue…)
F Prints name of Month (January, February…)
h Prints hout in 12 hour format
H Prints hour in 24 hour format
i Prints the minutes (00-59)
j Prints day of month, no leading zeros
l Prints day of week (Monday, Tuesday…)
m Prints number of the month (1 to 12)
M Prints 3 char, abbrev of month (Jan, Feb…)
S Prints the suffix for day of month (st,nd,rd,th)
U Prints number of seconds since Jan,1 1970 00:00:00
y Prints year as two digits
Y Prints year as 4 digits
z Prints out day of the year (222,303,350)
Date/Time Functions
$today = date(“M j, Y”); // Feb 11, 2002
$today = date(“F jS, Y”); // February 11th, 2002
$today = date(“D F d, h:ia”); // Mon February 11, 3:30 pm
$today = date(“l F jS”); // Monday February 11th

Date/Time functions
Sep 23, 2001 22:29:16
<? echo date("M d, Y H:i:s", time()); ?>
<?
$dday = mktime(0, 0, 0, 7, 16, 2001);
$diff = $dday - time();
$days = (int) ($diff / 86400);
if ($days >= 1) {
printf("Dmitry has been charged for %dday%s!<br>\n",$days,$days==1?'':'s');
} else {
$hours = $diff / 3600;
if ($hours >= 1) {
printf("Dmitry has been in jail for %d hour%s!<br>\n",$hours,$hours==1?'':'s');
} else {
echo "Dmitry is speaking at DefCon<BR>\n";
}
}
?>
Dmitry has been charged for 69 days!
Converts between calendars (Julian, Gregorian, Mayan, etc)

String Manipulation
substr
<?
$str = "Fast String Manipulation";
echo substr($str,0,4) . substr($str,-9);
?>
Fastipulation
explode
<?
$a = explode(":", "This:string:has:delimiters.");
while (list(,$value) = each($a)) {
if (strcmp($value, "has") == 0) {
echo "had ";
} else echo $value." ";
}
?>
This string had delimiters.

C-like file functions
Reading from a file:
<?
$file = fopen("sample.txt", "r");
while (!feof($file)) {
echo fgets($file, 1024), "<BR>";
}
?>
Reading from a URL:

<? $file = fopen("http://www.php.net/file.txt", "r"); ?>
Writing to a file:
<?
$file = fopen("agent.log", "a");
fputs($file, $HTTP_USER_AGENT."\n");
?>
Sessions
To start a session use session_start() and to register a variable in this session
use session_register().
<?session_start();
session_register('my_var');
$my_var = 'Hello World';
You can check if a variable is already registered in a session using session_is_registered():
<?if (!session_is_registered("my_var")) {
session_register("my_var");
}
The $HTTP_SESSION_VARS array contains all the variables in the current session. If
register_globals is enabled (which it is by default) then the session variables will
automatically be available in the global namespace as well.
Database Support
SQL:
Other:
Adabas D
Empress dBase
IBM DB2 filePro (read-only)
Informix dbm (ndbm, gdbm, Berkeley db)
Ingres
Interbase
Frontbase
mSQL
Direct MS-SQL
MySQL
ODBC
Ovrimos
Oracle (OCI7,OCI8)
PostgreSQL
Raima Velocis
Solid
Sybase
DB++
SQL Example
PHP scripts that talk to databases all look similar to the code below. Connect to the
database, select a database, send a query and loop through the results.
<?
mysql_pconnect("db.server.com","username","password");
mysql_select_db("products");
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM details");
if ($result) {
echo "<TABLE>\n";
echo "<TR><TH>Name</TH><TH>Description</TH></TR>\n";
while ($a = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {
echo "<TR><TD>$a[name]</TD>", "<TD>$a[descr]</TD></TR>";
}
echo "</TABLE>";
} else {
echo "<P>Nothing to see here.";
}
?>
DB Abstraction
A database abstraction layer is bundled with PHP 4. In the example below, the only
thing you would need to change to use a different database is the odbc word on the
third line.
<?php
require_once 'DB.php';
$db = DB::connect('odbc://user:pw@host/mydb');
$stmt = $db->prepare('SELECT * FROM comments');
$result = $db->execute($stmt);
while($row = $db->fetchrow($result)) {
while($row as $field => $value ) {
echo "$field: $value<br>\n";
}
}
$db->disconnect();
?>
New in Version 4
Better OO (syntax fixes, op. overloading, superclass ref.)

Modular, self-contained extensions
Database abstraction layer (ala Perl's DBI)
Reference counting
Thread safe core
More server modules through SAPI
foreach()
Output buffering
Support for a real debugger
Support for caching compiled code
Support for an optimizer
Java ties

PHP Intro

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PHP

• Conceived in fall of 1994

Traditional CGI programming

Syntax and switching modes:

<? if(strstr($HTTP_USER_AGENT,"MSIE")) { ?>

You are not using Internet Explore

<form action="action.php" method="POST">

numbers (integers and real)

Don't have to declare types

Example <? echo 5 + "1.5" + "10e2"; ?>

Sorting: sort(), rsort(), ksort(), usort(), array_multisort()

<? log_data($PHP_AUTH_USER, $data); ?>

Inheriting a class with a Constructor

$today = date(“F jS, Y”); // February 11th, 2002

$today = date(“D F d, h:ia”); // Mon February 11, 3:30 pm

$today = date(“l F jS”); // Monday February 11th

Converts between calendars (Julian, Gregorian, Mayan, etc)

This string had delimiters.

Reading from a URL:

You can check if a variable is already registered in a session using session_is_registered():

Better OO (syntax fixes, op. overloading, superclass ref.)

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