Introduction to Thermodynamics

System -collection of matter(which has mass and occupies space) within prescribed and identifiable boundaries open system -transfer of mass across boundaries -exchange of heat and matter across boundaries Closed system -exchange of energy but not matter

 Heat -form of energy transferred from one body to other body due to temperature difference -Heat may flow across the boundary -unit is J ,BTU. Calorie - Denoted by Q , -Q(body releases) - Q surrounding -Q body releases heat to surroundings - +Q body absorbs heat

 Internal energy (U) - The total energy contained by the thermodynamic system Elements -K.E (motion of system particles) -P.E (static energy of atoms) -Internal energy can be changed by heating Or doing work on system

 1st Law of Thermodynamics - Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can change from one form to another form. - Change in internal energy=total heat added and work done - +W work done on system and W work done by the system Temperature - Degree of hotness or coldness Pressure -force applied per unit area of surface.

 Enthalpy (H) - Amount of energy in a system capable of doing mechanical work Entropy (S) -Amount of energy in a system no longer available for doing mechanical work.

Adiabatic Process
Occurring without loss of heat or gain Q=0 (heat added to system) 1st Law of thermodynamics Work done by the internal energy. Adiabatic compression gain in internal energy (+U) Adiabatic expansion Loss of internal energy (-U)

gain in internal energy (+U)

Loss of internal energy (-U)

 Latent Heat -Heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure.

CARNOT CYCLE AND CARNOT ENGINE

2nd law - Indicates that in any complete cycle the gross heat supplied plus the net work input must be greater than zero.

-So thus for any cycle there is net work o/p , heat must be always rejected. - For any cycle in which heat is supplied at low temperature and rejected at high temperature. - So there will be positive work input. - Applicable to any system involving heat transfer.

CARNOT CYCLE AND CARNOT ENGINE

Nicholas Leonard Sadi Carnot, an engineer in French army originated use of cycle (Carnot) in thermodynamic analysis in 1824 and these concepts provided basics upon which second law of thermodynamics was stated by Clausius and others. Carnot cycle is a reversible thermodynamic cycle comprising of four reversible processes.

Thermodynamic processes constituting Carnot cycle are: (i)Reversible isothermal(a process or change taking place at constant temperature) heat addition process, (12, Qadd) (ii)Reversible adiabatic expansion process (2 3, Wexpn +ve) (iii)Reversible isothermal heat release process (34, Qrejected) (iv)Reversible adiabatic compression process (41, Wcompr ve)

Gas turbine plant: Carnot heat engine