Types of CTs

Hair Pin Design Eye Bolt Design Live tank Design

Live Tank CTs

Dead tank CTs

Hairpin design and Eye Bolt design

CT Standards
IEC 60044 1 IS 2705

CT Design
Core Material The main aim is to give high accuracy with low saturation factor. Core Material is made of CRGO Silicon steel For very low loss characteristics, material (Alloy of Ni-Fe) is used

CT accuracies
As per IEC-60044(1)

Metering Core 0.2 or 0.5% at rated Currents Protection Cores 1% at rated current

Accuracies as per IEC-60044-1

Class 5% of rated I 0.75 20% of rated I 0.35 100% of rated I 0.2 120% of rated I 0.2

0.2

0.5

1.5

0.75

0.5

0.5

Protection Cores
Class Current Error at rated Primary Current 1% 3% Composite Error at rated accuracy limit Primary Current 5% 10%

5P 10P

Ratio Error
Ratio Error = (KnIs- Ip)*100/ Ip
Kn = Rated transformation ratio Ip = Actual primary current Is = Actual secondary current

Phase Angle Error

The difference in Phase between the Primary and Secondary current vectors

Knee Point Voltage

10% increase in Voltage will lead to 30% or more increase in Current.

Insulation Levels
For Windings having Um greater than 300kV, the rated insulation level is determined by rated switching and lightning impulse withstand voltage
For voltages < 300kV, insulation levels are decided by lightning impulse and power-frequency withstand voltages

Insulation Levels
System Voltage 1 min Power Freq. Voltage Switching Impulse withstand Voltage Lightning Impulse withstand Voltage

220kV

395kV 460kV
630kV

950kV 1050kV
1425kV

400kV

1050kV

Partial Discharge Test

System Voltage Um Pre-stress Voltage for 1 min 80% of 1 min P.F. Voltage Test Voltage

Um- 10pC 1.2Um/3-5pC

Creepage Distances
Pollution Levels Light Creepage distance 16mm/kV

Medium
Heavy

20mm/kV
25mm/kV

Very Heavy

31mm/kV

Routine Tests at Factory

Verification of Terminal Markings Power Frequency withstand test on Primary winding Partial Discharge measurement Power Frequency withstand test on Secondary winding Power Frequency withstand tests between sections Inter-Turn Over voltage Test Determination of Errors

Pre Commissioning Tests

Polarity Test Magnetization Curve Test Ratio Test Primary Current Injection Test

Secondary Current Injection Test

Condition Monitoring
Checking of Bellow expansion - M

Visual Inspection for leakages - M

Tan Delta Measurement 2Y Thermovision Scanning - Y Nitrogen Pressure Checking 2Y DGA testing of Oil - SOS

CT TESTING TAN DELTA

CT Insulation

Tan delta measurement

CTs with Test Tap- Ungrounded Specimen Test mode (UST) CTs without Test Taps Grounded Specimen Test (GST) mode with jumpers disconnected Values to be monitored w.r.t. factory/ precommissioning values Sudden change in measured values indicate faster deterioration of insulation. Precautions: P1/P2 to be shorted. Porcelain surface to be thoroughly cleaned. Test Tap to be reconnected to Earth after the Test

Tan delta measurement

Connection of Test Tap to be ensured otherwise it may lead slow arcing in the soldering area and insulation may fail in due course of time. Measurement of Tan Delta of C2 (insulation between last foil on which test tap wire is soldered to the ground) to be carried out. Measurement in GSTg mode with P1/P2 terminal guarded.

CT Equivalent Circuit

UST Mode of Measurement

Earth will be connected to N Point Hence only CHL will be measured

GST Mode of Measurement

Here measurement is made for the Parallel combination of CH and CHL

GSTg Mode of Measurement

Here measurement is done for CHE as L is guarded

C1 and C2 Tan delta measurement

For C1: Apply 10kV between HV and test tap on UST mode. For C2: Apply 500 V between Test tap and Ground with HV Guarded on GSTg mode

CT FAILURES

Reasons of CT Failures
Moisture entry into solid insulation Wrinkles in aluminium grading Opening of secondary winding Opening of tan delta point Dielectric failure due to pre-mature ageing Other dielectric failures due to improper wrapping of paper, improper flux distribution etc.

Primary Insulation failure due to moisture entry

Violent failure due to arcing

Capacitive Voltage Transformer

Construction and Condition Monitoring

CVT Construction Details

CVT Construction Details

There are 280 300 elements in C1 & C2 C1 will be about 260 to 280 elements C2 will be 15 to 20 elements
Ratio of C1/ C2 is about 20 400/ 20 = 20kV (Tap Voltage)

Compensating Reactor
Compensating Reactor is provided to compensate for the phase displacement in Capacitor elements L = 1/ (c1+c2)

L = 1/ 2 (c1+c2)

Ferro Resonance
Ferro resonance in CVTs is due to the Capacitance in Voltage Divider in series with the inductance of the Transformer and series reactor. This circuit is brought to resonance by various disturbances in the network that may saturate the iron core of the transformer, over heat electro magnetic unit and lead to insulation breakdown.

Ferro Resonance Circuit

Ferro resonance circuit is provided in CVT Secondary to suppress Ferro resonance oscillations There can be active or passive Ferro resonance circuits It can be RLC circuit (ABB make CVTs) or RL circuit (CGL, BHEL CVTs)

CVT VA Ratings
VA ratings for core-1, core-2 and core-3 are generally 200VA, 200VA and 100VA respectively. CVT accuracies are guaranteed if connected burdens are within 25% to 100% of the rated burdens In POWERGRID, with static meters and static/ numerical relays, connected burdens are 10 to 20 VA in each core which are very low as compared to rated burdens.

CVT Secondary Voltage

CVT Secondary Voltage v = k * V * C1/ (C1+C2) V Primary Voltage k Secondary Transformation ratio Note: Puncturing of C1 Secondary Voltage will increase Puncturing of C2 Secondary Voltage will decrease

Condition Monitoring Secondary Voltage measurement Capacitance and Tan delta measurement of stacks

Secondary Voltage measurement

Periodic measurement to be carried out. In case of doubt, simultaneous measurement to be carried out with another feeder/ Bus CVT. For 400kV CVTs puncturing of one Capacitor element in C1 side is likely to increase Secondary Voltage by about 0.35 0.45% (0.22 0.28V) Failure of one Capacitor element in C2 side is likely to decrease Secondary Voltage by 5 6% (3.2 3.8V)

Capacitance and Tan delta measurement of stacks

Change in Capacitance value above 6%, CVT need to be replaced Tan delta values more than 0.003 from pre-commissioning value needs replacement

Reasons for Failure of CVTs

WRINKLES ON ALUMINUM FOIL POOR SOLDERING QUALITY POOR QUALITY OF PAPER (LOCAL SOURCE) PINHOLES IN BELLOWS SNAPPING OF BELLOW CONNECTION OVERHEATING OF DAMPING RESISTOR SHORTING OF TRANSFORMER CORES FAILURES OF FR CIRCUIT COMPONENTS RUSTING OF COUPLING BOLTS (BETWEEN FLANGE AND EMU TANK) RUSTING OF FLANGE

Reasons for Failure of CVTs

LOOSENESS OF CORE BOLTS SNAPPING OF CONNECTION BETWEEN PRIMARY WINDING AND COMPENSATING REACTOR FAILURE OF VARISTORS PROVIDED IN SECONDARY ENTRY OF MOISTURE IN CAPACITOR STACKS MOISTURE ENTRY DUE TO POOR GASKET QUALITY

CVT Failures

EMU Tank Transformer winding shorted

Failure of Bellow

Rusting of Coupling bolt and moisture entry

Rusting of flange

Rusting of EMU Tank

Lightning Arresters
Construction and Condition Monitoring

Selection of Surge Arrester

Voltage 400/3 = 230kV During single phase to ground fault, voltage on healthy phase may go upto 1.4 to 1.5 times 230 x 1.4/1.5 = 323 346 Temporary O/V = 1.5 pu = 336kV LAs are available at 336kV, 360kV, 372kV and 390kV Higher ratings are selected taking into consideration of ageing of LA elements

LA Characteristics

Construction of disc
These are made by mixing ZnO with small amount of additives such as Bi2O3, CoO, Cr2O3, MnO and Sb2O3 ZnO grains (about 10m dia) have low resistivity and surrounded by a granular layer which is a high resistive Oxide layer(0.1 m thick). The two are strongly bonded.

LA

AS PER IEC-60099(5), TECHNIQUES FOR THE HEALTH MONITORING OF SURGE ARRESTERS IN SERVICE
1. TOTAL LEAKAGE CURRENT MEASUREMENT 2. WATT LOSS MEASUREMENT 3. INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT 4. THIRD HARMONIC RESISTIVE CURRENT MONITORING. 5. THIRD HARMONIC RESISTIVE CURRENT (THRC) MONITORING WITH COMPENSATION FOR THIRD HARMONICS IN SYSTEM VOLTAGE.

THE MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE

- HARMONICS ARE CREATED IN LEAKAGE CURRENT ON APPLICATION OF FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY, DUE TO NON LINEAR VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERSTIC OF SURGE ARRESTERS. - THIRD HARMONIC IS THE LARGEST HARMONIC COMPONENT OF THE RESISTIVE CURRENT

EFFECT OF 3RD HARMONICS IN SYSTEM VOLTAGE

THIRD HARMONIC IN SYSTEM VOLTAGE CREATES CAPACITIVE HARMONIC CURRENTS WHICH AFFECT THE MEASURED VALUE ERROR IN THE MEASURED VALUES MAY BE CONSIDERABLE AS REPORTED, 1% THIRD HARMONIC IN SYSTEM VOLTAGE MAY INTRODUCE ERROR UPTO 100% IN THE MEASURED VALUE

Basic circuit for LA testing

REASONS OF FAILURE OF SURGE ARRESTERS

1. ACCELERATED DEGRADATION OF THE ZnO DISCS, POSSIBLY DUE TO MANUFACTURING DEFECTS/PROCESS PROBLEMS 2. MOISTURE ENTRY THROUGH SEALING SYSTEM/GASKETS HAS LED TO DEGRADATION OF DISCS AND CONSEQUENT INCREASE IN THRC.

Thank You