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GRAVITY DAMS
Causes of Failure:
1. Sliding along horizontal plane (shear failure)
net force > shear resistance at that level
2. Rotation about the toe
3. Failure of material
DAMS
DAMS
Gravity Dams
Friat Dam
Tygart Dam, West Virginia
DAMS
Gravity Dams
DAMS
ARCH DAMS
Curved dam which is dependent upon arch action for its strength.
Transmits most of horizontal water thrust behind them to the abutments by
the arch action.
Thinner and requires less material than any other type of dam.
Used only in narrow canyons.
Arch dams includes:
*series of horizontal arches
*series of vertical cantilevers
Load distribution Most of load carried by
Near bottom of dam cantilevers (Known as Trial Load
Near top of dam arches Method)
I. Constant-center (Constant radius)
best for U shaped canyons
II. Variable-center (Variable radius, constant-angle)
best for V shaped canyons
DAMS
ARCH DAMS
Arch Dam Design:
t
hr
w
=
o
r
B
=
|
\
|
.
|
2
2
sin( )
u
V
B
A =
|
\
|
.
|
2
2
sin( )
u
u
DAMS
ARCH DAMS
where t = thickness of arch rib
h = height of rib
w
= allowable working stress for concrete in compression
where r = radius of arch
B = canyon width
V = volume of concrete required for a single arch rib
= central angle (in radians)
A = cross sectional area of rib
Boundary Dam, Seattle
DAMS
ARCH DAMS
Salmon Creek Dam, Alaska
DAMS
ARCH DAMS
DAMS
BUTTRESS DAMS
Buttress dams are dams in which the face is held up by a series of supports.
Buttress dams can take many forms -- the face may be flat or curved.
Usually, buttress dams are made of concrete and may be reinforced with steel
bars.
DAMS
BUTTRESS DAMS
sloping membrane that transmits the water load to a series of
buttresses @ right angles to axis of dam
-Increased formwork & reinforced steel compared w/gravity dam
-Less massive than gravity dam (requires 1/3 to 1/2 as much concrete)
-Use on weaker foundation
-Same forces as gravity and arch dams, however, ice pressures not as
prevalent; gaps b/t buttresses relieve majority of uplift forces
Types Water Supporting Membrane
1. Flat-slab flat, concrete-reinforced slabs
2. Multiple-arch series of arches
DAMS
BUTTRESS DAMS
Daniel-Johnson Dam, Quebec
DAMS
BUTTRESS DAMS
Bartlett Dam, Colorado
Embankment dams are massive dams made of earth or rock.
They rely on their weight to resist the flow of water, just like concrete gravity
dams.
DAMS
EMBANKMENT DAMS
Types:
1. Simple Embankment (homogeneous throughout)
(upstream less permeable material)
2. Impervious Foundation
3. Impervious Core (Zoned embankments)
DAMS
EMBANKMENT DAMS
DAMS
EMBANKMENT DAMS
Generally have some sort of water proof insides (called the core),
which is covered with earth or rock fill. Water will seep in through the
earth or rock fill, but should not seep into the core. The water will
seep into the core material and should stop at the seepage line.
Forces on Embankment Dams:
1. Force of the water (main force)
2. Uplift force
Wolf Creek Dam, Nashville
DAMS
EMBANKMENT DAMS
DAMS
COFFER DAMS
temporary structures (sheet-pile, water-tight) that allow
construction operations
diverts flow from construction areas until work completed
Hoover Dam
726.4 feet high .. 1,244 feet across at the top ..
660 feet thick at the base .. 45 feet thick at the top ..
weighs 6.6 millions ton ... 17 generators giving it the capacity to
produce over 2,000 megawatts
can store up 2 years 'average' flow from the Colorado River ...
total storage capacity can be measured in 30,500,000 acre feet ...
Hoover Dam