Apollonius of Apollonius of

Perga who wrote

the book On
Determinate
Section.
Omar Khayyam,
who saw the
relation between
Geometry and
Algebra.
Rene Descartes,
who developed
Cartesian
Geometry.
Abraham de
Moivre, who also
pioneered the
development of
Coordinate
Geometry
Leonhard euler was a
pioneering Swiss mathe
matician and physicist.
He made important
discoveries in fields as
diverse as infinitesimal
calculus and graph
theory.
Leonhard euler was a
pioneering Swiss mathematician and physi
cist. He made important discoveries in
fields as diverse as infinitesimal
calculus and graph theory.
O
X
Y
Z
Let O be the origin
and let OX, OY and OZ be three
mutually perpendicular lines
taken as x axis, y axis and z axis
in such a way that they form a
right handed system.

CORDINATES OF A POINT IN A SPACE
The plane XOY is called xy-
plane.
O
X
Y
Z
xy
Plane
.
The plane YOZ is called yz-
plane.
O
X
Y
Z
yz
Plane
The plane ZOX is called xz-
plane.
O
X
Y
Z
These are XYZ,XYZ, XYZ, XYZ, XYZ, XYZ, XYZ, XYZ.
Z
O
X
Y
Z
Y
X
The distance formula is used to find the distance between any
two points.

The distance formula is:

PQ =

where, A(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) and B(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
)

2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( ( z z y y -x x + + )
X
Z
Y
O
90

P
Q
A
Now since is a right-angle, it follows
that, in PAQ,
PQ
2
= PA
2
+ AQ
2
. (1)
Also, ANQ is right angled at N, Therefore,
AQ
2
= AN
2
+ NQ
2
. (2)
From (1) and (2), we have
PQ
2
=PA
2
+AN
2
+NQ
2
Now, PA=y
2
-y
1
; AN=x
2
-x
1
; NQ=z
2
-z
1

Hence PQ
2
= (x
2
-x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
-y
1
)
2
+ (z
2
-z
1
)
2
Therefore,
PQ =

PAQ Z
Derivation Of Distance Formula
N
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( ( z z y y -x x + + )
The section formula is used to find the coordinates of a
point which divides a line segment in a given ratio.
The Section Formula is:




Where, the ratio is m:n , A(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) and B(x
2
,y
2
,z
2
)
n m
nz mz
n m
ny my
n m
nx mx
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,
(For Internal Division)
n m
nz mz
n m
ny my
n m
nx mx

1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,
(For External Division)
Z
X
Y
O
In this fig. Quadrilaterals LNRS and NMTR are
parallelograms.
The PSR and QTR are similar, Therefore,



Similarly by drawing perpendiculars to the XZ and
YZ plane, we get:
z z
z z
NR QM
PL NR
TM QM
PL SL
QT
SP
QR
PR
n
m

= = =
2
1
n m
nx mx
x
+
+
=
1 2
n m
ny my
y
+
+
=
1 2
n m
nz mz
z
+
+
=
1 2
To Find mid-point:

x,y and z are the coordinates of the mid-point of the line
segment.

To Find the ratio in which the point divides the line
segment:


In this case k:1 is the ratio.

2
,
2
,
2
2 1 2 1 2 1
z z
z
y y
y
x x
x
+
=
+
=
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
+
+
+
k
kz kz
k
ky ky
k
kx kx
1
,
1
,
1
1 2 1 2 1 2
Centroid is the point within the triangle where all the
three medians intersect.




To find the Centroid of the triangle with the coordinates of its vertices as:
(x
1
,y
1
,z
1
) , (x
2
,y
2
,z
2
) and (x
3
,y
3
,z
3
), the Centroid is given by:

3
,
3
,
3
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
z z z
z
y y y
y
x x x
x
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
CENTROID
A
B
C