DATA STRUCTURES AND

OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING IN C++
 C++
 C++ is an Object Oriented Programming
language.
 Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
 Created at Bell Labs in the 1980's and called C
with Classes
 A superset of C
 Adds additional features to improve the language
 Adds functions and features to support Object
Oriented Programming (OOP)
 1.3

Introduction to C++
 Where did C++ come from?
 Derived from the C language
 C was derived from the B language
 B was derived from the BCPL language

 Why the ‘++’?

 ++ is an operator in C++ and results in a cute
pun
 C++
 Traditionally, C programs use the file extension
.C, and C++ programs use the extension .CPP.
 C++ compiler uses the file extension to
determine what type of program it is compiling.
A Sample C++ Program
#include <iostream> //In older C++ #include<iostream.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i;
cout << "This is output.\n"; // this is a single line comment
/* you can still use C style comments */
// input a number using >>
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> i;
cout << i << " squared is " << i*i << "\n";
return 0;
}
C++ - Program Explained…
 iostream file
 Namespace

 Variables

 Output operator ( << - insertion operator)

 Input operator ( >> - extraction operator)

 Comment

 Return type of main()

 (<iostream> is to C++, is what stdio.h is to

C.)
 Notice one other thing: there is no .h extension to the
name iostream. The reason is that <iostream> is one of
the new-style headers defined by Standard C++.
Newstyle headers do not use the .h extension
Explanation of code
 Program statement
cout << “……..”;
 cout (see-out) used for output to the monitor

 “<<“ inserts “Press…a number.\n” in the data

bound for the monitor

 Think of cout as a name for the monitor

“<<“ points to where the data is to end up

 ‘\n’ causes a new line to be started on the monitor

Explanation of code
 Program statement

cin >> x;

 cin (see-in) used for input from the keyboard

 “>>” extracts data from the keyboard

 Think of cin as a name for the keyboard

 “>>” points from the keyboard to a variable where the data is stored
Basic concepts of OOPs
 Objects
 Classes

 Data Abstraction and Encapsulation

 Inheritance

 Polymorphism

 Dynamic binding

 Message Passing
 Object X Object Y

OOPs Data Data

 Treats data as critical

element Communication
Functions Functions
 Does not allow data to
move freely around the
program
 Divides the program into
number of entities called
Object Z
Objects and
 Builds the data and
functions that operates
Data
on data around the
objects.
 Data of an object can
only be accessed by the
Functions
functions associated
with that object.
Basic concepts of OOPs
Object: Student
 Objects : Run time
entitity. Eg. A person, Data:
place or an item. Name
 Classes : Date–of-birth
 is a collection of Marks
objects of similar type. ………..
Eg. Mango,apple,
orange are members of Functions:
the class fruit. Total
 are user defined data Average
type. Display
………..
 Data Abstraction and Encapsulation:
 Wrapping up of data and functions into a single
unit (called class) is known as encapsulation.
 Insulation of data from the direct access by the
program is called data hiding or information
hiding.
 The act of representing essential features
without including including the background
details.
 Inheritance
 Isthe process by which objects of one class
acquire the properties of objects of another
class.
 Provides the idea of reusability.
 Polymorphism
 Ability to take more than one form.
 Operator overloading
 Function overloading

 Dynamic Binding
 Binding means linking a function to be executed
in response to the function call.
 Also called as late binding.
 The code associated with a given function call is
not known until the time of execution of the
function (run time)
 Message Passing
 Objects communicate with each other as follows:
 By creating classes and defining the objects
 By creating objects of the type of class

 Establishing the communication among the objects.

STRUCTURE OF C++ PROGRAM

Include files

Class declaration

Member functions
definitions
Main function Program
Introducing C++ Classes
 In C++, to create an object, you first must
define its general form by using the keyword
class.
 A class is similar syntactically to a

structure.