POWER PLANT FAMILIARIZATION BY

Er. Randhir Kumar

Principle of operation of a Hydro Station

1 Intake 2 Penstock 3 Transformer 4. Power House 5. Generator 6. Runner 7. Draft tube 8. Tail Race

The kinetic energy of falling water is first converted into mechanical energy in Turbine & then the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy in Generator.

View of a Hydro Unit

Components
Generator Turbine Auxiliaries

Generator

Air Gap Stator Rotor Cooler

Thrust Bearings

Stator Core
Made up of Silicon Steel laminated sheet with high permeability and

low hystersis & eddy current losses

Stator Winding
windings are copper conductors which carries the generated voltage.

Rotor
It carries magnetic pole & is revolved by turbine, resulting in power generation in stator.

Rotor

Pole
Pole are mounted on rotor and It fulfills the need of a rotating magnetic field
Dovetail keys

Core

Damper Bars

Slip Rings
Slip rings are installed on rotor to transfer the field current from the external excitation equipment to the field winding. The current flows through the stationary carbon brushes to the rotating slip rings, through insulated bars mounted in the hollow shaft and to the pole coil connections.

Guide Pads
To restrict the radial movement of machine.
GENERATOR

Segmented type guide bearing assembly

Thrust Bearing
Thrust Bearing carries the whole weight of the machine.

H S Lubrication system to safeguard thrust pads during starting & stopping of machine.

Thrust Bearing high pressure lubrication port

Bearing Pad Arrangement

Cold Water C O o l e r

Guide Pad

GENERATOR

HS Lub Oil

Oil Thrust Pad

Hot Water

TURBINE

Classification
Types of Turbine
Kaplan
Medium & lower head up to 80 m when discharge & load vary widely

Francis
Medium & high Heads in the range of 30-550m, turbine discharge varying in acceptable limit

Pelton
Heads greater than 400m varying head, discharge and load conditions

CLICK

Kaplan Runner
In a Kaplan runner blade angle varies with changing position of guide vanes. The runner blade servomotor is installed between the main turbine shaft and the generator shaft or inside the runner hub .

Oil Pipe line inside shaft

Runner Servomotor

Hub Cone

PELTON

FRANCIS

Servomotor

Shaft Seal

Runner

Guide Vane Spiral Casing

Spiral Casing
Water from penstock enters the spiral casing which makes equal water thrust at each guide vane

Stay Vane

Stay Vane

Spiral Casing
Guide Vane

Stay Ring

Turbine

WICKET GATES AND OPERATING MECHANISM

The wicket gate operating mechanism is installed with eccentric pins between

the gate operating ring and each wicket gate to allow individual adjustment of wicket gate openings. Shear pins with carefully calculated size are provided with an operating mechanism. A pin will shear, should a wicket gate become blocked, and the remaining gates can be operated as required.

REGULATING RING

Penstock Gate / MIV

Penstock Gate

MIV

Some other auxiliaries

Brake H S Lub OPU system Cooling water Drainage , Dewatering

Brake
Practical braking speed 25-30% of rated speed
Rotating Machine

Air for Brake Oil for Jack

Oil Pressure Unit

Supply pressurized oil to servomotor for opening or closing of guide vanes under the command of governor.

Air inlet

air oil

To system

Cooling Water
For cooling of Generator Stator Windings Bearings Shaft Seals Transformer Fire Fighting

Open Loop Cooling water System

Transformers Coolers

Penstoc k

Tail Race
Air Coolers (For stator) Oil Coolers (for Gen Bearings) Cooler (For Turbine Bearings) Shaft Seal Booster Pump

Close Loop Cooling Water System

Tube Well

Sprinkler s
Transformers Coolers Air Coolers (For stator) Cooling Pond Oil Coolers (for Gen Bearings) Cooler (For Turbine Bearings) Shaft Seal Booster Pump

Drainage System
Intake Level

POWER HOUSE Tail Pool Level Turbine floor

Water Water

Cooling pump floor

Water

Drainage pit

Dewatering System
The dewatering system is generally meant to dewater the penstock, spiral case and runner during their maintenance and inspection works.

EOT Crane
EOT Cranes are used in powerhouses during commissioning, maintenance and repair of a hydro unit and their auxiliaries

Fire Extinguishing Systems

Types Automated sprinkler/spray protection Hydrant Service Hand appliances Gaseous systems for control rooms

Hoses

Portable Extinguisher

Sprinkler

Operation of a Hydro Unit

Pre Start Checks Start Sequence Synchronization Stop Sequence Monitoring during operation Tripping Emergency Handling

Pre Start Checks

Many of the start checks may be built up in the starting interlocks and starting sequence. The abnormality if any, will appear in MMI display

and Unit ready to start indication does not

appear. The list of activities/checks varies from

station to station.

Restore ACSEQUENCE &Tube DC supply to auxiliaries START Open Draft Gate Brake H S Open released Lub GV start Check PTW Unit Open Voltage 100% ready Intake speed Build to start gate up Cooling charged Machine start rolling Reset relay
DC Excitation

Unit Ready To Synchronize

TRCM

11 KV
cooler Pole

220K

ROTOR

Pole

Stator Winding

In Gate
Water

Cool C Water oo ler Hot water

Oil

Gen Shaft

GGB

Thrust Pad HS LUB

Tur Shaft

T R A N S F O R M E R

G V

G V

DT Gate
Water

Synchronization
Close CB when V, F & Ph matches

Stator

11KV

220KV

Transmission line

Trans Rotor +
_

CB

Rotor Pole DC excitation by closing FCB

Monitoring during operation

Operate machine as per schedule & water level Attend any alarm appearing in control room Temperature of bearings/stator/transformer Cooling water flow Leakage water level in turbine pit Operation of drainage pumps. Generator Voltage and reactive Power flow. Machine vibrations. Abnormal sound from the machine. Fill up hourly log sheet

Stop Sequence
Reverse to start sequence

Tripping of Machine on Fault

Stop machine Note down relay Inform Maintenance staff

Emergency Handling
Increase in water level inside Power House
Raise Alarm. Intimate Power Station Incharge. Try to stop the source of leakage water. If the leakage is from the machine immediately close the intake gate after opening the generator circuit breaker and giving stop command to the machine. Ensure that Power Supply to Drainage & Dewatering pumps is not shut down. Run the available drainage / dewatering pumps or any other available pumps to pump out the water.

Emergency Handling
Fire Raise Alarm. If fire is in the machine or Transformer give stop command. Release CO2 or water through fire protection system . Intimate fire station.
Inform Power Station authority

Try to isolate other equipment from the source of fire.

Thank You.