Wireless Network Planning

Mobile Research Institute Network Planning & Optimization Department

Objective

After taking this course, you will be able to :

know the planning details and what to collect know how to make capacity planning know how to make coverage planning know steps to take and notice to be observed during site survey know coverage emulation and frequency planning

Category
Network Planning Information Gathering

Capacity Planning
Coverage Planning Site Distribution & Survey

Coverage Emulation
Frequency Planning

Network Planning Information Gathering

Information Gathering
Material of mobile service forecast forecast of all kinds of phone users user distribution, such as ratio of urban users to suburban users opinion of operators towards user number forseen comparison of user numbers among similar cities Existing network equipment & operator profile existing mobile user number and annual growth rate ratio of urban user number to suburban user number configuration and distributing status of existing mobile network MSC, BSC and BTS. recent traffic statistics report and drive test report of mobile network operators appraisal towards existing network and also suggestions toward network development

Diagnosis
Wave transmitting environment survey terrain, plain, hilly terrain and hills height and density of land building and high building distribution road path, width and wood distribution Analysis of network traffic distribution urban industrial zone, commercial zone, residential zone, traveling zone and high tech park distribution of high traffic density, medium traffic density and low traffic density

demand analysis

Network coverage and quality analysis investigation of coverage range, coverage quality and voice quality (DT) statistics analysis of interface of A, Abis cobra and OMC

City planning material

city: provincial & industrial cities, and seaport city populace and agricultural populace existing and future coverage of cities and suburbs distribution of urban industrial zone, commercial zone, residential zone and traveling zone construction and development plan of economic zone status and developing plan of roads and transportation maps including district maps and city planning maps

Interference diagnosis

distributing and using status of existing frequency whether channel to be used is occupied or interfered (clear frequency)

Network Planning Information Collection

Demand analysis

Frequency

Coverage

Capacity

Traffic Model data traffic

model User type and rate of data traffic

Other scheme of
operators/ existing website number and site configuration transmitting ambience electronic map exists or bought?

limited

KPI
traffic distributing ratio planning

redundancy
and other requirements

frequency used usable bandwidth and frequency band frequency resources

traffic distributing

area size

ratio
traffic demand and system capacity

voice traffic
model

Network Planning Information Collection

Network planning information collecting template

1. What is necessary information?

2. What is supplementary info?

Inadequate info

Catalog
Network planning information collection

Capacity planning
Coverage planning Site distribution and survey

Coverage emulation
Frequency planning

Capacity Planning
Basic concepts
Traffic is the total of telephone calls on one group of lines or trunk. Busy-hour traffic A is the maximum traffic on the busiest hour of system or line. A= a * b * t. Of which, a is

Traffic

everyday call times (originating and terminating) per user , b is busy-hour to day ratio( busy-hour traffic divided by daytime traffic), and t is average call duration.

volume

Suppose one user has calls for 6 times per day, each time lasts 2 minutes and b is 0.15. therefore, A=0.03Erl Traffic model is the fundamental of radio network planning that defines the value

Traffic

of important parameters that may affect system capacity including average busy-hour traffic of each user and call loss rate). One Erlang refers to the traffic load either when a circuit is fully occupied for

model Erland
...

a hour or when two circuits are fully occupied for half an hour.
Call loss refers to calls dropped when the channels in one mobile

Call ... rate

loss

telecommunication system are exhausted, then call cant be put through and thus got lost. Its also called blocked call. Radio call loss rate GOS is call block rate. According to the rules in Public Mobile Telephone Network Technology System, radio channel loss rate is less than 5% and less than 2% in traffic-dense area.

Erlang B table

Defines the relation between call loss, channel number and traffic volume.

Capacity Planning

Capacity Planning Procedures

1 2 3 4 5

Capacity information Traffic distributing gathering analysis

Site model and number

Site distribution

Network size

Set parameter value

Get capacity distributing rate

Get number of estimated site configured

Get site distributing status and their latitude and longitude

Reach target in accordance with capacity planning

Capacity Planning
1

Capacity Info Gathering

Network type: GSM900, DCS1800, dual-band network or WLL network System capacity demand. That is, how many users in the system and how heavy the traffic is? Traffic model of the voice service? Equipment type: V2/V3? Model? Indoor or outdoor? DPCT applied in V3 or not? Rate of adopting DPCT? Is data service required? EDG frequency? Data service penetration rate? Traffic model of data service? What is frequency resource range ? Is there frequency that are prohibited? Maximum site configuration is? Make forecast and investigation of traffic density distribution and define capacity distributing rate.

return

Capacity planning
2

Traffic distributing analysis

Traffic

are mostly in big and medium-sized cities and especially in the downtown of the

city. Even in this area, there are denser traffic areas. So if these factor are not taken into consideration during network construction, it will lead to the waste of equipment resource in mean-traffic area and inadequacy of dense-traffic capacity and thus affects

network investment profit and service quality.

Traffic

distributing analysis is to categorize the planning area into areas of different

service levels based on forecast and survey of traffic density distribution and use it as
5 the foundation in site distributing planning. 7% 4 11%

how many phases and what is the ratio of users in

1 41%

each phase what is the planning area range and the traffic distributing ratio in DU/MU/SU/RU. Provide existing sites and their configuration and

3 15%

2 26%

performance statistics report data

Capacity planning
2

Traffic distributing analysis

Service level : by radio transmitting environment Area Dense Topographic features
Average height of surrounding buildings is more than 30 metres (over 10 storey) and average distance between buildings is 10-20 metres. Usually the buildings are crowded around the site with the height of 10-20 stories and the ambient roads are not considerablly wide. Average height of surrounding buildings is about 15-30 metres (5-9 storey) and average distance

urban

urban

between buildings is 10-20 metres. The buildings are evenly distributed around the site. Mostly are below 9 stories and some are over 9 stories and the ambient roads are not considerably wide. Average height of surrounding buildings is about 10-15 metres (3-5 storey) and average distance

suburb

between buildings is 30-50 metres. The buildings are evenly distributed around the site. Mostly are 3-4 stories and some are over 4 stories. Roads around are wide.

rural

Average height of surrounding buildings is below 10 metres. They are dispersed and mainly are 1-2 storey high. There are spacious space between.

Capacity Planning
2

Traffic Distributing Analysis

Service level : by service distributing area Area Distribution Features
Traffic is heavy and rate shall be high,

Dense urban

which is the focus of data service development Traffic is relatively heavy and rate should

Radio transmitting environment and service distributing factors should all be taken into consideration.

Mean urban

be comparatively high. Data service is required

suburb

Traffic is low and only low-speed and data service are provided Traffic is quite low. Site is for coverage

rural

purpose and consequently data service quality are not ensured.

return

Capacity Planning
Site Model & Number

Estimate maximum configuration and capacity of each site based on frequency resources and frequency reusing mode. Total traffic volume divided by site capacity is site number. Number of sites configured in different areas of each phase. Channel number (service channel number and control channel number) of a cell or site as well as their traffic volume and user number. Totaling of sites capacity. Also called network capacity. Coverage Planning Traffic volume & distributing ratio Site configuration & number Capacity per site

Network Scale

Total Traffic
Traffic per site
Model configuration

Start

Frequency reuse method

Channel planning & data service Maximum configuration

Capacity of each cell ERL B table Traffic model

Frequency resources

Capacity Planning
3

Model & Site Number

Capacity planning is to add or reduce sites based on radio coverage planning and analysis.

Capacity Planning

Network Scale

Coverage Planning

Capacity planning is a repeated, gradual process helping to decide site number and model

distribution.

Catalog
Network Planning Information Gathering

Capacity Planning
Coverage Planning Site Distribution & Survey

Coverage Emulation
Frequency Planning

Coverage Planning

Process
1 2 3 4

Set network parameter

Link budget

Coverage radius estimate

Site distribution & coverage emulation

Network scale

Set parameter

Get allowable max path loss

Get estimated coverage radius of each site

Get information of distribution as well as latitude & longitude of sites

Target the goal of coverage planning

Coverage Planning
1

Set network parameter

Network category: GSM900,DCS1800, dual-band or WLL network? Equipment type: V2 or V3? Model? Indoor or outdoor? Apply DPCT in V3? DPCT ratio? Carrier Transmission power is 40W60W80W? Are data service required? EDGE carrier

frequency

Antenna model: antenna gains, horizontal and vertical beam width, antenna downtilt, polarization mode and electrical downtilt etc. Antenna parameter: antenna available height, directional angle and downtile. Apply tower top amplifier? Feeder type: 7/8 feeder or 15/8 feeder? Maximum site configuration is? Are there special requirements toward configuration of combining and distribution unit? What is KPI? What is level and area coverage rate? Which new technology will be adopted in V3 site, DDT? IRC? or FWDR?

return

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Definition: analyze the factors that may affect

uplink and downlink signaling

transmission, evaluate the coverage capacity of the system and get maximum transmission loss allowed by the link with call quality ensured.

Object: Purpose of analysis and computing of both uplink and downlink power is to get maximum available power of the site, avoid invalid downlink coverage, reduce interference and system noise, which lays a foundation for quality service. Get allowable maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of uplink and downlink according to budget of uplink and downlink. The smaller of allowable maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of uplink and downlink is considered to be the allowed maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of the same efficiency and set it to be the loss when estimating radius coverage.

Uplink

Downlink

Coverage Planning
2

Link budget

Fading margin Antenna gain Feeder loss Transmission loss Penetration loss

MS power

Body loss

PA

Site sensitivity

Put it in a simple way, link budget is the computing of loss and gains on one telecommunication link.

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

template

Network Type & Equipment

Transmission power and reception sensitivity of MS/BTS Maximum site configuration affect the selection of combining and distribution unit Link Budget

Margin

reservation

Fast fading margin

Slow fading margin Interference magin

Losses
Path loss Body loss Apartment loss Building penetration loss Feeder and connector loss

Gains
Site antenna gain MS antenna gain TMA gain

Vegetation Combiner and splitter loss loss

Coverage Planning
2 equipment margin reservation link budget losses gains

Link Budget

Complying with GSM protocol transmission power are showed as follows

Power class GSM 900 Nominal Maximum output power 1 2 3 4 5 8 W (39 dBm) 5 W (37 dBm) 2 W (33 dBm) 0.8 W (29 dBm) DCS 1800 Nominal Maximum output power 1 W (30 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 4 W (36 dBm) PCS 1900 Nominal Maximum output power 1 W (30 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 2 W (33 dBm)

Coverage Planning
2

Equipment Link Budget

Transmission power, Reception sensibility and biggest site configuration of GSM BTS V2 and V3 are as follows:
Moduling mode GMSK B8018 8PSK GMSK Transmission power 60 W 31 W 60 W 31 W 47.78 dBm 45 dBm 47.78 dBm 45 dBm -112 dBm S12/12/12 -112 dBm S18/18/18 Reception sensibility Biggest site config

Series

BTS V3

B8112

8PSK

GMSK
M8202 8PSK GMSK GMSK BTS V2 8PSK (EDGE) GMSK OB06 BS30 BS21 GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK

30 W
20 W 40W 80W 30W 60W 40W 40W 40W 80W

44.78 dBm
43 dBm 46 dBm 49 dBm 44.78 dBm 47.7 dBm 46 dBm 46 dBm 46 dBm 49 dBm -110 dBm -110 dBm -110 dBm -110 dBm -110 dBm -110 dBm -110 dBm -110 dBm -112 dBm S2/2/2 or O6 S12/12/12 S6/6/6 S12/12/12 S12/12/12 S6/6/6 S2/2/2 S2/2/2 S1/1/1

Coverage Planning
2

equipment Link Budget

budget

Margin resservation

losses

gains

Path

loss

Body loss
Compartment loss Vegetation loss Building penetration loss

Feeder and connector loss

Combining and distributing unit loss

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Losses

Path loss
Radio wave loss caused by the transmission distance. Body loss When the phone is at waist or shoulder, the signaling is lower than when antenna is several wavelength far from body. As for voice service, body is supposed to be 3 Db; for data service, 0dB.

Compartment loss Usually it is 8~10dB. Vegetation loss Vegetation loss is related to density of the forest, leaf shape (conifer and board leave), forest height and the distance between forest and antenna. Inside the forest, the loss of 900MHz is 0.2dB/m; the loss of 1800MHz is 0.3dB/m; Through forest or diffraction, the loss is 20dB/dec; For there are forest around the antenna and the antenna is lower than the forest, around 10dB

Building penetration loss Building penetration loss is the loss caused when wave passing through the construction. It equals to the difference between average signaling level inside and outside the construction. Averagely its 10 20 dBrelying on building material and thickness. Area 900M lossdB 1800M lossdB Dense urban Mean urban Suburb & rural 1822 1520 1015 2327 2025 1520

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Losses
Type 900M 1/2 soft jumper 7/8 feeder 7.22 3.89 lossdB/100m 1800/1900M 11.3 6.15

Feeder loss

15/8 feeder

2.34

3.84

Combining & splitter loss 1CDUCombiner Distribution Unit

TX1 TX2

ETX RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4 ERX1 ERX2 L N A

ANT

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Losses
ITX RX1 RX2

Combiner & splitter loss 2ECDUDuplexer & splitter

ANT

LNA

RXD1 RXD2

LNA

ANTD

3RDUReceiver Distribution Unit

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Losses

Combiner & splitter loss 4CEUCombiner Extension Unit

OTX2 OTX1 TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4 ERX2 ERX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4

5CENUCombiner Extension Net Unit

OTX2 OTX1 TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4 TX5 TX6 ERX2 ERX1 RX1~RX4 CENU OTX2 OTX1 TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4 TX5 TX6 ERX2 ERX1 RX1 RX2 RX3 RX4 CENU/2

RX5~RX8

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Losses
Unit (900M) CDUG Insertion loss 4.4dB

Combiner & Splitter loss

CEUG
CENG CENG/2 ECDU Unit(1800M) CDUD CEUD CEND CEND/2 ECDU

3.5dB
5.3dB 5.3dB 0.9-1.0dB Insertion loss 4.6dB 3.6dB 5.5dB 5.5dB 0.9-1.0dB

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Losses

Combiner & splitter loss Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in BTS V2 (80W TRX) are as follows:
TRX number Antenna number & configuration Remark CDU need special treatment: connect TX1 interface with TX interface of combiner and inactivate TX2 CDU need special treatment: connect TX1 interface with TX interface of combiner and inactivate TX2

CDU

RDU

CEU

2TX/RXRX

2TX/RXTX/RX

3~4 5~6

2TX/RXTX/RX 2TX/RXTX/RX

2 2

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Losses

Combiner & splitter loss

Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in ZXG10 B8018

TRX number

Antenna number & config 4 2 TX/RX2 RX

CDU

ECDU

CEU

CENU

Remark

2 2

CDU+TMA for extension Combiner for easy extension Without Combiner. TMA. large coverage

1 22 TX/RX 2TX/RXTX/RX 2

2TX/RXTX/RX
3~4 2TX/RXTX/RX 2TX/RXTX/RX 5~6 2TX/RXTX/RX 7~8 2TX/RXTX/RX

2
2 2 2 2

1 2

For easy extension, imbalance carrier frequency To balance carrier frequency

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

Losses

Combiner & splitter loss

Configuration of Carrier number, combiner & splitter and antenna in one cell in ZXG10 B8112

TRX number 1

Antenna number &

config 22 TX/RX 2TX/RXTX/RX

CDU

ECDU

CEU

CENU

Remark

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2

1 2 combiner for easy extension Without combiner. TMA. Large coverage

2 2TX/RXTX/RX 3~4 2TX/RXTX/RX 2TX/RXTX/RX 5~6 2TX/RXTX/RX 7~8 9~12 2TX/RXTX/RX 2TX/RXTX/RX

For easy extension. Imbalance

carrier frequency Balance carrier frequency

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

euipment
link budget

margin reservation

losses

gains
MS antenna gain
usually is 0

Site antenna gain

Antenna model selection should based on
actual condition. Area urban suburb rural Express way or long & narrow valley Hills and highland 17~18 Antenna gaindBi 15.5 15.5~17 17~18 18~21

remarkspecial attention should be paid to antenna gain in MS in GSM WLL network

Antenna may be indoor, outside door or on
the roof. So antenna gain and height should be examined, which will affect coverage greatly.

TMA gain

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

equipment losses

margin reservation
Link budget

gains

Fast fading & deterioration storage Fast fading is due to stationary wave field because of the multi-path interference caused by the reflection on path of scatters (building) or nature obstacles (mainly forest) within 50-100 wavelength around MS. When MS goes through this station wave field, received signaling becomes

fading and signaling level fluctuates greatly.

fast fading & deterioration reservation is the additional received level in receiver noise condition when multi-path effect and factitious noise (car arc interference ) exists. walking2.0--5.0dB fast moving0dB In GSM system, fast fading amount of voice and data service is supposed to be 3dB.

Interference margin In Gsm system, there are intra-frequency interference, inter-frequency interference, intermodulation interference, and interference from vicinity to beyond. These interference will affect link budget. The interference margin is generally supposed to be 3dB.

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget

equipment
Link budget

margin reservation

losses

gains

Slow fading marginfading margin Slow fading is due to shadow effect caused by signaling interference from ambient buildings or terrain. The interference will attenuate the received signaling, which is called shadow fading. To ensure that site signaling can cover cell edge at certain rate. Its necessary for the site to preserve some transmission power called fading margin to counteract shadow fading. Generally shadow fading follows logarithm normal distribution. Shadow fading margin should base on operator demand of shadow fading variance and margin coverage probability. slow fading standard deviation is related to transmission condition of electromagnetic wave. In cities, its about 8~10 Db, while in suburbs or rural areas68dB. For instance cityfading standard deviation is 8dB, marginal coverage probability is 90% and shadow fading

margin is 10.3dB
countries: fading standard deviation is 8dB, marginal coverage probability is 75% and shadow fading margin is 5.4dB Marginal coverage probability(%) slow fading margin/dB 70 0.53 75 0.68 80 0.85 85 1.04 90 1.29 95 1.65 98 2.06

Coverage Planning
2

Link Budget
Parameter MS transmitting power Body loss Building loss Symbol A B C

Its normal that loss difference between uplink and

MS reception sensibility
MS antenna gain TMA gain diversity gain Feeder loss combiner/divider unit loss fast fading and deterioration reservation fading margin noise margin path loss indoor path loss outdoor

D
E F G H I J K L M=A-B-C-D+E+F+G-H-I-J-K-L N=M+C

downlink is 3-5dB; Its

considered to be imbalance of uplink and downlink if loss difference is over 10, when

link budget should be

modified.

return

Coverage Planning
Coverage radius estimate

Basis to estimate coverage radius

balance

maximum allowable path loss when uplink and downlink keep

propagation model

Okumura-Hata model Cost231-Hata model

Universal model
Cost231-Walfish-Ikegami model

Max allowable loss

Coverage radius estimate

Propagation model selection

return

Coverage planning
4

Site distribution & coverage emulation

Electronic map /Mapinfo map Planning area size planning area (Polygon) partition Planning site number Link budget radius estimate

Site distribution

Distribution map Distribution info Distribution latitude & longitude

Input

****

Output return

Coverage planning
4

Site distribution & coverage emulation

Electronic map Planning map Polygon

latitude &
longitude of sites Antenna height/direction angle Antenna selection Propagation model Link budget Existing network data

Coverage & emulation

Site distribution map Site coverage effect map Height info map Existing network coverage map Coverage probability statistics table

Input

****

Output return

Coverage planning
5

Network scale

Capacity planning

Network scale

Coverage planning

Catalog Network planning info gathering

Capacity planning
Site distribution & survey Coverage emulation Frequency planning

Site distribution & survey

Based on theoretic latitude & longitude of sites, make sites survey. According to practical Distribute site on traffic distribution, coverage requirement, ambient

coverage planning
+ capacity planning => site scale

Mapinfo or PLANET/EET map, set site theoretic location, and get latitude & longitude and other para of sites

construction environment, natural

environment, power supply, propagation supply, and land lease , decide site location and feeder design, including site location, site type & location, antenna selection, height, direction angle, downtilt, combiner & splitter, tower top

amplifier and feeder etc.

Site distribution & survey

Site survey is key to site distribution including optical measurement, spectrum measurement and site location investigation.

Optical measurement Ambient construction environment and natural environment Spectrum measurement

Electromagnetism environment

Site survey Installation condition of antenna and equipment Power and transmission supply

Preparation
including

familiarize with the engineering by collecting materials relating to the project

Engineering files, background material, existing network situation, map and configuration list

Get tools ready

Digital cameral, GPS satellite receiver, compass, ruler and pc.

Site distribution & survey

Location selection

When selecting location, take the following aspects into consideration

Previous Network condition Population distribution and habits City layout and distribution Main streets and traffic volume Natural environment such as Hills, lakes, rivers and coastline Growing trend

Principles of site selection

populace Traffic distribution Customer flow trend Surrounding environment Signaling transmission quality Select high traffic area and dense population area Careful select high hills, radar, radio station, filling station, forest

and power plant

Site distribution and survey

Site selection Main principles to select sites

Site should be at the best place of regular mesh with deviation less than a quarter of the site radius.

Select existing facilities for cost saving and period reduction purpose on the premise that it doesnt affect site distribution.

City skirt and high-elevated hills(100 m or 300 m higher than city construction) in suburbs are not supposed to be sites, as first to control coverage scope, second to make construction and

maintenance easier.

Newly-constructed sites should better be at place where transportation is convenient, has ample power supply, environment is safe and has less farmland.

Avoid construct sites near high power radio transmitter, radar station or other interferer. Better far from forest to avoid fast fading of received signaling. Pay attention to the effect of signaling reflection and dispersion when in hills, steep slopes, dense lake area, mountainous region and high metallic buildings.

When in cities, utilize the height of the building to realize division of network hiberarchy. There are less sites in the initial stage of network construction, so good coverage of key areas should be guaranteed.

Site distribution & survey

AEM design
TMA
To enable sensibility of site reception system. TMA is optional, and can be selected based on system band. CDU site can use simplex TMA and triplex; combiner site. Site adopting CDU can use simplex or duplex TMA, while site adopting combiner can use duplex TMA.

Feeder
For 900MHz 5/4 feeder when feed length is over 80m
For 1800MHz 5/4 feeder when feed length is over 50m

CDU

Function of transceiver duplex , transmission signaling combining, filtering and receiving signaling filter, low noise amplifier and splitter is encouraged. TMA feed circuit is provided. One unit uses one antenna for multiple signaling transmitting and receiving.

Antenna
Height, direction angle Frequency range, gain Polarization Horizontal and vertical 3dB beam width Down tilt

Feeder design

Site distribution & survey

AEM Design

Major guidelines for network planning are:

Frequency Range Gain Polarization Horizontal/Vertical half-power beam width Down tilt

The following is antenna direction map of Kathrein 739649

Site distribution & survey

AEM Design

Antenna selection is vital to network quality. Select the antenna according to the coverage of service area, service quality

demand, traffic distribution, and topography, coverage of the whole network

and interference condition should also be considered.

Environment is classified into the following based on topography and traffic.

Urban area, suburb, rural area, road, mountainous area , offshore, tunnel and indoor

a select directional antenna with horizontal half-power of 6065 b select medium gain antenna of about 15dBi c best to select antenna with electrical downtilt of 3 6 d recommended to select dual-polarized antenna

BTS in city

a select direction antenna with horizontal half-power of 65or 90

BTS in suburb

b generally select medium or high gain antenna c preset downtilt or not based on actual condition d select dual polarized or vertical polarized antenna

Site distribution & survey

AEM Design

aselect directional antenna of 90120or all way antenna bGain of directional antenna selected is higher than normal 1618dBi cgenerally dont select downtilt antenna. For high sites, zero filling

Rural sites

antenna is the best choice.

dvertical polarized antenna is recommended

agenerally select narrow-beam, high-antenna directional antenna. Select

8-shape antenna, all-way antenna or deformation all-way antenna based on

Road Sites

actual condition

bgenerally dont select downtilt antenna because road site has higher

requirements toward coverage distance.

cvertical polarized antenna is recommended. dfront-to-back radio ratio of selected directional antenna should not be

high.

Site distribution & survey

AEM Design

AEM design principle

Antenna of different cell of the same site can be different due to installation conveniences or cell planning requirements. For flat rural area, valid height of antenna is generally 25m. For suburbs, antenna height can be elevated to 40m. Antenna overheight will reduce coverage level near the antenna especially for omni antenna Antenna overheight will easily cause problems affecting network quality like severe crossarea coverage, co-channel interference or adjacent-channel interference.
Design principle of Antenna direction angle From the networks point of view, directional angel of three -sectored area of rural sites should be the same. Adjustment of antenna directional angel can be made based on coverage target in the neighborhood of rural and suburban area, arteries and solo site in suburb.

Antenna main lobe should direct at dense traffic area to enable signaling strength and to elevate call quality. Main lobe deviate from co-frequency cell to control interference effectively. Intersection coverage depth of rural adjacent sectored antennas should not exceed 10%. Intersection coverage of suburban and commune adjacent cells shouldnt be too deep and inclination of adjacent sectored antenna of the same site should not less than 90%. Antenna lobe of dense rural area should avoid opposing straight street for cross-area coverage.

Site distribution & survey

AEM Design

Design principles of antenna downtilt

Antenna beam tilt is basic technique of enhancing frequency reuse ability. Antenna beam tilt technique can control coverage range to reduce interference in the system. Antenna downtilt angle depends on actual condition in order to reduce interference between co-frequency cells and to guarantee coverage requirements.

Downtilt design should take sites transmission power, antenna height, cell coverage range and radio transmission environment into consideration.

Antenna beam tilt can either use electrical or mechanical mode. Electrical tilt is fixed relating to antenna model selected and mechanical tile is adjustable but generally not beyond limited by installation component and radio signaling broadcasting features
Different surface radiation will be generated using electrical downtilt or mechanical mode. When downtile angle is small, difference is small. When angle gets bigger, difference becomes more obvious

Site Distribution & Survey

AEM Design

Antenna isolation

There must be isolation between receiver and transmitter of the site. Antenna isolation degree: fading of signaling from one port of antenna to another when antennas are installed. For GSM system, isolation degree between two transmitting antenna and between transmitting antenna and receiving antenna should be no less than 32 Db Lv=28+40log(k/)(dB) (When antenna is vertically distributed) Lv=22+20log(d/)-(G1+G2)-(S1+S2)(dB) (When antenna is horizontal distributed)

Fulfill the spacing requirement of diversity gain

Distance between two receiving antenna is 12 18when antenna is diversified by space. Distance between diversity antenna shall be greater when antenna is higher. Generally distance between diversity antenna is 0.11 times of available antenna height. To achieve the same effect, distance of vertical diversity must be 5 or 6 times of vertical diversity. To reduce the interaction of the two antennas, horizontal distance of diversity antenna should be over 3 m with antenna at whatever available height

Catalog
Network Planning Information Collection Capacity Planning Coverage Planning Site Distribution & Survey Coverage Emulation Frequency Planning

Coverage Emulation
Coverage Emulation

Electronic map Planning area Polygon Latitude & longitude of sites Antenna height & direction angel Antenna model Link budget Existing network data

Coverage emulation

Sites distribution map Site coverage effect map Height information map Existing network coverage map Coverage rate statistics table

Input

****

Output

Catalog Network Planning Information Collection Capacity Planning

Site Distribution & Survey

Coverage Emulation Frequency Planning

Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
GSM Working Frequency Band

GSM Frequency Band Serial Number

GSM900
Uplink Downlink 890 915 MHz 935 960 MHz

P-GSM900
Fl (n) = 890 + 0.2n MHz Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 45 n stands for ARFCN MHz 1 n 124

duplex separation is 45MHzcarrier frequency separation is 200KHz

EGSM
Uplink Downlink 880 890 MHz 935 935 MHz

E-GSM900
Fl (n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024) Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 45 MHz 975 n 1023 0 n 124

duplex separation is 45MHz carrier

frequency separation is 200KHz

DCS1800
Uplink Downlink 1710 1785 MHz 1805 1880 MHz

DCS1800
Fl (n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) MHz Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 95 MHz 512 n 885

duplex separation is 95MHz carrier frequency separation is 200KHz

Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning Definition of Interference of Co-frequency & Interference of Adjacent Frequency
Co-frequency interference C/I C/Iis the value of interference. When different cells use the same frequency, another cell may bring interference to the serving cell. Conforming to GSM criterion, C/I >9dB. In actual engineering, C/I>12dB Adjacent-frequency interference C/A C/A is the rate between the two channel when adopting frequency duplex pattern,

adjacent channel will bring interference to the channel of the serving cell.
Conforming to GSM criterion, C/A>-9dB. In actual engineering, C/A>-6dB.

whatever

method,

it

should

meet

the

following

requirements

taking

different

transmission condition, different multiplex mode, multiple interfering factor into consideration. co-channel interference protection rate C/I9dB adjacent channel interference protection rate C/I 9dB

adjacent channel interference protection rate(400KHz) C/I41dB

Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
GSM commonly-used frequency multiplex pattern

A1 A2 A1 A2 B1 B2 A1 A2 B1 A3 D2 B3 C2 D1 D3 A3 D2 C1 C3 B2 A1 D1 D3 A2 B1 B3 C2 B2 A1 A3 D2 C1 C3 B1 B3 C2 D1 D3 A2 B1 A3 D2 C1 C3 B2 A1 A3 D1 D3 A2 B1 B3 A1 A3

43multiplex

Suppose cellular hexagon side length is 1, intergrating interference model, we will get:

C (dB) I 24 10 log (8) 4 2(7.2) 4 18dB

18dB>12dB

Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
GSM commonly-used frequency multiplex pattern

A1 A2 B1 A1 A2 B1 B2 B3 A2 A3 C2 A1 A3 B2 C1 C3 B2 C1 B3 A2 B1 B3 A2 A3 C2 A1 A3 C2 C1 C3 B2 A2

A1

A3 B1 B3 C1 C3 A1 A3 B2 C1 A2 B1 B3 C2 A1 A3 C1 C3

33multiplex

Suppose cellular hexagon length is 1, integrating interference model, we can get:

C (dB) I 24 10 log 2(7) 4 2(5.57) 4 13.3dB

13.3dB>12dB

Frequency Planning
Control channel planning

Computing of control channel number

use M/G/N/N model as traffic model of control channel. Suppose SDCCH call average processing time is 3 second, average processing time of place upgrade is 9 second, user busy-hour call times is 2BHCA, traffic volume of users on SDCCH will be: (32+9)/3600=0.0042 Erlang When GOS=2%, capacity of 4SDCCH is 1.092Erlanguser volume is (1.092/0.0042=260) 0.025 Erlang=6.5Erlang By referring to Erlang-B table, 12 TCH(2TRX) are needed. When GOS=2%, capacity of 8SDCCH is 3.627 Erlanguser volume is

(3.627/0.0042=863) 0.025 Erlang=21.6Erlang

By referring to Erlang-B table, 30 TCH(2TRX) are needed.

Generally, we can get the maximum site configuration according to frequency resource and selected frequency multiplex. In planning , select suitable site configuration. Control channel number can be gotten using ERL B table.

Frequency Planning
PDCH Planning
Fix traffic model of data service
If GPRS/EDGE service are supported ,please provide GPRS user (%) 20% 100% 220 EDGE user (%)

Busy-hour throughput per userbps/sub Or providemonthly traffic per user (MB/Month) Monthly valid daysdays/Month busy-hour ratehours/day Penetrate percentage of data service Attach percentage PDP Context Active percentage Other

20% 10% 20% null

User data service traffic user number X Penetrate percentage XAttach percentage X PDP Context Active percentage X monthly traffic per user

Frequency Planning
PDCH Planning Fix coding mode rate of data service
GPRS coding mode CS-1 (Kbps) CS-2 (Kbps) CS-3 (Kbps) CS-4 (Kbps) Bear velocity of Um IP layer 6.4 9.41 11.11 15.09 Application rate 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 Average bearing velocity of Um IP layer

10.454

In this way, we can get average velocity of 9 coding type of EDGE

Compute PDCH number of data service of each cell with different configuration. data service traffic of cell user

/ average velocity of data service

Frequency Planning
PDCH Planning
PDCH planning data of data service
Control channel 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 Surplus channel 7 6 14 22 29 37 45 52 60 traffic/ cell 2.0592 1.6016 5.7552 10.472 14.8016 19.888 25.0624 29.656 34.936

Carrier 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

channel 8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64

SDCCH SDCCH/4 SDCCH/8 SDCCH/8 SDCCH/8 2*SDCCH/8 2*SDCCH/8 2*SDCCH/8 3*SDCCH/8 3*SDCCH/8

TCH user 117 91 327 595 841 1130 1424 1685 1985

PDCH channel 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4

TCH ERL 2.28 1.66 7.4 13.18 19.27 25.53 31.92 38.39 45.87

TCH user 91 66 296 527 770 1021 1276 1535 1834

Frequency Planning
TCH Planning

Basic Discipline

Carriers configured in cells in a certain site shall not be co-channel or adjacent channel. Opposite cell should not co-channel and avoid adjacent channel. High hill shall not be considered as neighboring site while broad water shall be considered as neighboring site. Concerning antenna height and complexity of transmission environment, carriers in opposite & cells of nearby sites should avoid co-channel. (); Focus on co-channel reuse. Avoid using the same BCCH with the same BSIC in neighboring areas. Verify and adjust frequency using planning forecast software.

Frequency Planning
TCH Planning

Configuration of neighboring cells

GSM system is centered on cells and have at most two-level handover relationship externally. For a stable GSM system, modify unreasonable handover cell in the planning according to data in drive test. Cells handed over shall not be co-channel.

Switch shall be mutual, not undirectional

There shallnt be two handover cells with the same BCCH with the same BSIC. There shallnt be two handover cells with the same BCCH with the same BSIC cell switch selection shallnt be two many or too little. Two level is best especially for cells covering road or railway.

Frequency Planning
Pay attention to the following in the process of GSM frequency planning:

Preserve frequency. When we make the frequency planning, we seldom preserve frequency especially for frequency-lack telecom engineering. In fact, there are lots of advantages to preserve frequency such as using as frequency in the test, as replacement frequency in the interference , as cellular frequency in dense-traffic region. 28 frequency is used in phase 5 engineering of Chongqin Telecom with frequency No.98 preserved. Frequency No. 98 and No. 108 will be preserved in Phase 6. At least one frequency will be preserved in frequency planning.

Allocate BCCH frequency and TCH frequency. Generally BCCH should be allocated greater continuous frequency number. Assign frequency to different areas. Assign frequency for sites in different areas such as urban, suburb and rural. Focus should be put on cities to avoid interference. Make planning in urban areas before in suburbs and rural areas. Divide urban area into different areas when there are many sites. Check manually. Check manually after frequency assignment via automatic frequency planning. Modify frequency assignment condition or modify frequency manually if frequency is unsuitable.

Action/reaction

GSM Network Planning

info collection
capacity planning coverage planning site distribution & survey frequency planning

radio network