Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis

Meiosis I

Interphase

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telephase I

Meiosis II

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telephase II

Male Reproductive System

Human reproduction involves intricate anatomy and complex behavior

Reproductive Anatomy of the Human Male.
External: - penis - scrotum Internal: - gonads - accessory sex glands and ducts.

Male Reproductive System

Testes

Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System

External structure of the penis:

glans penis

preputium (foreskin)
There is verifiable health benefit to circumcision.

Circumcision
shaft sutures

corona

foreskin

glans penis urethral opening

 The penis is composed of three layers of spongy erectile tissue.

During sexual arousal the erectile tissue fills with blood from arteries.
The resultant increased pressure seals off the veins that drain the penis.

The engorgement of the penis with blood causes an erection.

 Testes are the male gonads.

seminiferous tubules- form sperm Leydig cells (interstitial cells)- produce androgens (ex. Testosterone).

 Testes are located in the scrotum, outside the body cavity.

This keeps testicular temperature cooler than the body cavity. The testes develop in the body cavity and descend into the scrotum just before birth.

 Sperm Pathway

Membranous urethra Prostatic urethra

Semen Seminal fluid is thick, yellowish, and alkaline. It contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins. Accessory glands:

1. seminal vesicle 2. prostate gland 3. bulbourethral gland

Seminal vesicle: A pair of glands that secrete a liquid component of semen into the vas deferens. Secretion is alkaline Contains fructose, asorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandin

Seminal Vesicle

Prostate gland: Location- surrounds and opens into the urethra where it leaves the bladder. Secretion- slightly alkaline fluid that activates the sperm and prevents them from sticking together Prostate problems are common in males over 40. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men.

Prostate

Bulbourethral gland (Cowpers gland): Location- paired glands that lie beneath the prostate Secretion- a thick, clear alkaline mucous that drains into the membranous urethra. Function- It acts to wash residual urine out of the urethra when ejaculating semen-- raises pH; neutralizes acidity of urine.

Bulbourethral gland

Ejaculation
Ejaculation propels sperm from the epididymis to the vas deferens.
The vas deferens run from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder.

Here each vas deferens joins with a duct from the seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct.
The ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra.
The urethra drains both the excretory and reproductive systems.

Ejaculate
A male usually ejaculates about 2 5 mL of semen; each milliliter containing about 50 130 million sperm. Bulbourethral fluid also carries some sperm released before ejaculation. This is one of the reasons why the withdrawal method of birth control has a high failure rate.

Spermatogenesis

Mature Spermatozoa
acrosome nucleus head tail

mitochondria

Seminiferous Tubules

Seminiferous Tubules
spermatozoa Sertoli cell spermatids
2 spermatocyte 1 spermatocyte spermatogonium

Sperm Maturation & Development

Hormones Involved in Spermatogenesis

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH=LH) Testosterone Inhibin ABP

Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis

Hypothalamus

GnRH
Anterior Pituitary ICSH FSH

Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis ICSH Interstitial Cells

Testosterone

Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis

FSH Testosterone

Sertoli Cells

Spermatogenesis

Inhibin

Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis

Feedback Inhibition
Inhibin Acts on anterior pituitary Inhibits FSH production Testosterone Acts on hypothalamus Inhibits GnRH production

Some Other Effects of Testosterone muscle and bone growth facial and pubic hair growth thickening of vocal cords growth of pharyngeal cartilage hair follicle effects stimulates sebaceous glands Increased BMR

Vasectomy

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

uterine tube ovary fimbriae uterus cervix bladder vagina

urethra clitoris l. minora l. majora

Internal reproductive: Vagina Cervix Fallopian tube (uterian tube/oviducts) Fimbrae ovary Ovary fimbriae Uterus - Endometrium - Myometrium - Perimetrium
uterine tube uterus

endometrium myometrium perimetrium cervix

vagina

Fimbrae & Fallopian Tube

Oogenesis in the Ovary

Oogenesis
Ovary- contains 400,000 oocytes; release about 500 in a lifetime Ovary- under influence of FSH. The follicles mature every 28 days Primary follicle produces estrogens And primary oocyte completes its 1st division produces 2ndary oocyte and polar body

Oogenesis
Aprox 1/2 way through the 28 day cycle the follicle reaches the mature Vesticular or Graffian follicle stage.

Oogenesis
Estrogen levels rise and release LH and FSH and triggers ovulation.

Oogenesis
The 2ndary oocyte travels down the uterine tube to the uterus. If fertilized by sperm, it will produce a zygote

Ovum in uterine tube

Ectopic Pregnancy

Ovarian Cyst

Endometriosis

Oogenesis

Hormones Involved in the Female Reproductive Cycle

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Estrogen Progesterone Inhibin Relaxin

Female Hormonal Cycle

Hypothalamus

GnRH
Anterior Pituitary LH FSH

Female Hormonal Cycle

FSH Follicle Cells

LH

Estrogen

The Uterine Cycle

Hormone Fluctuation

Some Other Effects of Estrogen

breast development external genitalia growth bone growth fat deposition Increase protein anabolism Decrease blood cholesterol Facilitate calcium uptake Promotes hydration of skin Feminizes brain

Menopause: cessation of ovarian and menstrual cycles.

Usually occurs between ages 46 and 54. Due to ovaries decreased responsiveness to gonadotropins. Menopause affects: changes in sexual desire triggers mood swings causes debilitating hot flashes may lead to bone and heart problems short-term memory loss insomnia

 Mammary glands.
Are present in both males and females. Are not a component of the reproductive system. Contain epithelial tissue that secrete milk.

Milk drains into a series of ducts opening at the nipple.

Mammary Gland

Lifes Greatest Miracle

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/m iracle/program.html

INQUIRY
1. Where are sperm cells formed within the testes? 2. What portion of the sperm contains 23 chromosomes? 3. What 3 accessory glands produce seminal fluid? 4. What is the term for the primary human sex organs? 5. What structure is formed following ovulation? 6. What hormones are produced from the corpus luteum? 7. List several effective means for preventing conception.