Chapter 1

1.1

Introduction
.

Chapter 1 Topics

We have Three main topics:

1. Data Communications.
2. Networks. 3. Transmission Technology.

1.2

1. Data Communications
a) Data Communications Definition
define the term Data define the term Communication Communication can be : Local : takes place face to face Remote : takes place over distance So the Data Communications are the exchange of data between two devices via communication media
1.3

1. Data Communications
b) Data Communications System
For Data Communications to occur: The communicating devices must be apart of communications system.

The Communications System is a combinations of hardware (Physical devices) and software (Programs)

1.4

1. Data Communications
c) Data Communications System Components

1.5

1. Data Communications
d) Data Communications Flow

1.6

1. Data Communications
Real Example

1.7

2. Networks

A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

1.8

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure

1. Type of connection i. Point to Point ii. Multipoint

2. Physical topology i. Mesh ii. Star iii. Bus iv. Ring
1.9

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure 1. Type of connection

1.10

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure 2. Physical Topology

1.11

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure 1. Physical topology i. Mesh

1.12

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure 1. Physical topology ii. Star

1.13

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure 1. Physical topology iii. Bus

1.14

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure 1. Physical topology iv. Ring

1.15

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure 1. Physical topology Hybrid

1.16

2. Networks
a) Network Physical Structure 1. Physical topologies Comparison
Mesh
No. of Links Type of connection Cables types N(N-1)/2 P-to-P Twisted pair Fiber optics High bandwidth Privacy, security No single point of failure Very expensive Trunks

Star
N P-to-P Twisted pair Fiber optics High bandwidth Easy to install Easy in maintenance single point of failure LANs

Bus
1 Multipoint Coaxial Twisted pair Fiber optics Depend

Ring
N P-to-P Twisted pair Fiber optics High bandwidth Easy to install No single point of failure expensive H- B.W & redundancy N.Ws

Advantages

Disadvantages Examples

Depend Depend

1.17

2. Networks
b) Network Models
Computer networks are created by different entities. Standards are needed to let these different networks can communicate. The two best know standards are : i. OSI Model ii. Internet Model

We will discuss Network Models in details in chapter2

1.18

2. Networks

c) Network Categories
i. ii. iii. iv. Personal Area Network Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network

1.19

2. Networks
c) Network Categories i. Personal Area Network

1.20

2. Networks
c) Network Categories i. Local Area Network

1.21

2. Networks
c) Network Categories iii. Metropolitan Area Network

1.22

2. Networks
c) Network Categories ii. Wide Area Network

1.23

2. Networks
c) Network categories comparison
PAN
Covered Area Topology Trans. media 300 m Star Twisted pair Air Switches DSL Modems A.PLaptop- PCs Home N.W Small Offices

LAN
3 Km Star Line RingHybrid Twisted pair Fiber optics Air Switches- DSL Modems- RoutersW.S- Servers Medium or large N.W

MAN
50 Km Ring - Line Twisted pair Fiber optics Routers-ATMFrame relay SDH equipments Enterprise N.W

WAN
World Wide Hybrid Fiber optics

Devices used

Routers-ATMFrame relay SDH equipments Internet

Solutions

1.24

2. Networks
d) Network Interconnection

1.25

2. Networks

e) Network Criteria
i. ii. iii. iv. Performance Reliability Scalability Security

1.26

3. Transmission Technology

How do individuals and organizations communicate with each other from far sides of the world? How do our telephones calls, fax messages, the internet, and video calls travels across the countries? 1.27

3. Transmission Technology
The solutions depend on a Global Transport Network According to the growth of services needs and the requirements placed on transport network; The development of Transmission Technology is required

1.28

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Simple Telephone Networks

D
1.29

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Public Switching Telephone Networks (PSTN)
MSC

DSC

DSC

GSC

GSC

GSC

GSC

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

MSC DSC GSC 1.30 LE

Main Switch Center Digital Switching Center Group Switching Center Local Exchange

Subscribers

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Analogue Transmission (before 1970) Multiplexing (Frequency Division Multiplexing )

1.31

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Analogue Hierarchy

1.32

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Digital Transmission (early in 1970) Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)

1.33

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Digital Transmission (early in 1970) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

1.34

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Digital Hierarchy In Europe

1.35

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

1.36

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
PDH Disadvantages
1. It has three Regional standards: European Series, North American Series and Japanese Series, instead of universal standards for electrical interface. 2. It hasn't Universal Standards for optical interfaces 3. Adding/dropping low-rate signals to/from high-rate signals must be done level by level. 4. In the frame structure of PDH signals, there are few Overhead bytes are used for the OAM of PDH signals which make it difficult to make a performance and real-time monitoring. 5. No Universal Network Management Interface in PDH system

1.37

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

1.38

3. Transmission Technology
Evolution of Transport Network
The emergence of SDH Standard
1. SDH provides universal standard for both electrical and optical So SDH equipment from different vendors can be easily interconnected. 2. Lower-rate signals are multiplexed into higher-rate signals via byte interleaved method. So their locations in SDH frame are known, therefore it can be added or dropped directly. 3. Abundant overhead bytes for operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) functions are arranged in the frame structures of SDH signals. 4. SDH networks can be used for transmitting PDH signals as well as other Hierarchies like ATM, FDDI, SAN, and ESCON.
1.39

The End

Thank you
1.40