Modeling of Synchronous Generators

99% of the electric power allover the world is generated by Synchronous Generators

System Components

The main components of power systems are:

Generators (Synchronous Generators). Power Transformers.

1. 2.

3.
4.

Transmission lines and cables.

Loads: - Static (lighting, heating,) - Dynamic (Motors).

Generators

The Generator converts mechanical power into electrical power.

Synchronous generators are constant speed

generators.

The conversion of mechanical power into electrical power is done through a coupling field

(magnetic field).
Input Magnetic Electrical Output

Mechanical

Construction

Stator

Armature

Mechanical

Electrical

Rotor

Field

Synchronous Generators

Generator

Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.
(Westinghouse)

Synchronous Generators
CN A+
Rotor with dc winding
+ + + + +

B+

Stator with laminated iron core

Armature Windings

ASlots with phase winding

S BC+

Field Windings

Construction of a two-pole salient pole generator

Salient Pole Generator

Slip rings

Pole

Fan

DC excitation winding

Rotor of a four-pole salient pole generator

Operation Concepts
Flux f nsy CB+

N
-

+ + + + + -

A-

A+

S
C+

B-

Operating concept of a synchronous generator

Flux Linkage
Maximum flux linkage with phase A No flux linkage with phase A

C+

B+
N

C+

B+

A+

A-

A+

S
+ +

A-

S
+

B-

C+

B-

C+

(a) Flux is perpendicular to phase A

(b) Flux is parallel to phase A

Flux linkage variation.

Rotating Flux
rot
t

link
nsy
CB+

N
A+
-

+ + +
30

+ +

A-

S
C+

B-

Rotating flux linkage to phase A.

EMF Equation
According to Faradays law, the induced emf in the armature coil of Nsta turns is given by:

E s (t ) N sta

d link (t ) dt

Esta Emax cos(t 90) Emax N sta rot N sta rot where Erms 2 Erms 4.44 N sta rot f

link (t ) rot cos( t )

Es (t ) N sta rot sin( t ) N sta rot cos( t 90)

2 f

Speed and Frequency

nS is the synchronous speed (r/m)

f is the frequency in Hz. 2P = total number of poles.

Pns f 60
Example: calculate the frequency of a 1800 rpm , 4 pole synchronous generator
ns = 1800 r/m, 2P = 4 Then, f = 2*1800/60 = 60 Hz

Armature Reaction
nsy
CB+
+ + + 30

N
-

Field flux f

+ +

AArmature flux ar C+

A+

B-

The main field flux (f) and the load generated rotating fluxe (ar)

Armature Reaction
Load current generates a rotating flux reducing the main flux and induced voltage

I arm (t ) 2 I sta cos( t)

arm (t ) ar cos( t )
E ar (t ) N sta
E arm

d arm (t ) N sta ar sin ( t ) dt

2

N sta ar

Vt E sta E arm

Armature Reactance
dI (t ) d dt sin( t )

E ar (t ) Larm

arm

dt Larm 2 I sta X arm

Larm

2 I sta cos( t )

2 I sta sin( t )

X arm

N sta ar 2 I sta

X syn X arm X leakage

Equivalent Circuit
E arm syn I sta ( j X syn )
Vt E sta E arm syn E sta I sta j X syn

Single-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator.

Phasor Diagram

Ia

E E E V0 I jX

V V0

Power Calculations
The apparent Power S is given by

S VI
*

S * V * I P jQ

Using the current expression derived from the equivalent circuit we get

E V0 S P jQ V0 ( ) jX VE V2 EV V2 90 j X90 X90 X X
EV P sin X EV V2 Q cos X X

Power Angle
P
Pmax = EV/X

Power Angle characteristics

Example

A 1,250-kVA, three-phase, Y-connected, 4,160-V , tenpole, 60-Hz generator has an armature resistance of 0.126 ohms per phase and a synchronous reactance of 3 ohms per phase. Find the full load generated voltage per phase at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.

Solution
The magnitude of full load current is obtained as

The terminal voltage per phase is taken as reference

The synchronous impedance is obtained as

The generated voltage per phase is calculated for a power factor of 0.8 lagging ( = -36.87).