Group 3 Repair and Retrofitting of RCC Structures

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES
STRUCTURAL FAILURES AND REHABILITATION
School of Building Science and Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION
AN OVERVIEW OF PRESENT REPAIR PRACTICES

Since 1950s, the construction activity in India has been increasing geometrically without matching increase in the availability of quality inputs, in terms of materials and skilled workmen. The gap between the quality planned and the quality achieved continues to become wider. The engineers responsible for maintaining buildings often begin repair activity without adequate understanding of the factors responsible for the defects.
Many engineers unintentionally attempt treating the symptoms, instead of dealing with the cause and effect phenomenon.
AN OVERVIEW OF PRESENT REPAIR PRACTICES

Structural defects are dealt with in this fashion, it remains only as defects camouflaged beneath finishes, which gives a false sense of safety to the occupants allowing the problem to continue without getting treated.
INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE REPAIRS

Concrete construction is generally expected to give trouble free service through out its intended design life. However, these expectations are not realized in many constructions because of
structural deficiency material deterioration unanticipated over loadings or physical damage

Premature material deterioration can arise from a number of causes, the most common being when the construction specifications are violated or when the facility is exposed to harsher service environment than those expected during the planning and design stages.
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Premature material deterioration can arise from a number of causes, the most common being when the construction specifications are violated or when the facility is exposed to harsher service environment than those expected during the planning and design stages. Physical damage can also arise from fire, explosion as well as from restraints, both internal and external, against structural movement. Except in extreme cases, most of the structures require restoration to meet its functional requirements by appropriate repair techniques.
REPAIR AND REHABILTATION OF RCC STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION
CONDITION SURVEY
Definition : Condition Survey is an examination of concrete for the purpose of identifying and defining area of distress. Objectives : To identify -causes of distress and -their sources; To assess -the extent of distress occurred the residual strength of the structure and its rehabilitability To prioritise the distressed elements according to seriousness for repairs To select and plan the effective remedy. Find the cause, the remedy will suggest itself Stages : a) Preliminary Inspection. b) Planning. c) Visual Inspection. d) Field and Laboratory testing.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST EVALUATION

In-situ Concrete Strength Rebound Hammer Test Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Windsor Probe Capo/Pullout Test Load Test Lab Testing Core Cutting/Sampling Chemical Attack Carbonation Test Chloride Test Sulphate Test
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST EVALUATION

Corrosion Test Covermeter/Profometer Half Cell Method Resistivity Meter Permeability Water Air Fire Damage Assessment Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis Differential Thermal Analysis X-ray Diffraction Structural Integrity/Soundness Assessment Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Radiography Impact Echo Test
STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION CONCRETE DETERIORATION FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

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CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE

Accidental Loadings Chemical Reactions Acid attack Aggressive-water attack Alkali-carbonate rock reaction Alkali-silica reaction Miscellaneous chemical attack Sulphate attack Construction Errors Corrosion of Embedded Metals
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Design Errors Inadequate structural design Poor design details Erosion Abrasion Cavitations
Freezing and Thawing

Settlement and Movement Shrinkage Plastic Drying
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Temperature Changes Internally generated Externally generated Fire Weathering.
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RELATING SYMPTOMS TO CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE
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RELATING SYMPTOMS TO CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE
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CLASSES OF DAMAGE AND REPAIR CLASSIFICATION
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CLASSES OF DAMAGE AND REPAIR CLASSIFICATION
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR REPAIR STRATEGY

1. Identification of the cause of problem and its source is the fundamental to the success or failure of the repair. A lack of attention at this point can put at risk the whole job. For arriving at an effective and economical solution, systematic documentation of all observations is essential, which will greatly facilitate in diagnosing and making assessment of the extent of damage. Available space and accessibility will determine the selection of repair method and repair strategy. Accessibility to the areas identified for repairs needs consideration
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2.
3.
4.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR REPAIR STRATEGY

4. Depending upon the scope and scale of repairs, the repair strategy has to suit and dovetail the on-going activities in the building. The prioritization of repairs and their sequencing are important components for deciding the repair strategy. Major repair procedure may demand propping the structural members to relieve a part or full component of the load acting on the member. If the building requires extensive Propping, vacating the building may become the pre-requisite. Safety measures to prevent any immediate major mishap shall be prescribed without loosing further time
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5.
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7. 8.
SELECTION OF REPAIR METHOD FOR ACTIVE CRACKS
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SELECTION OF REPAIR METHOD FOR ACTIVE CRACKS
SELECTION OF REPAIR METHOD FOR PASSIVE CRACKS
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REPAIR..
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Removing the concrete
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Boom-mounted concrete crusher
Diamond-blade saw
Diamond-wire saw Boom-mounted breaker

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Presplitting using chemical-expansive agent
Piston-jack splitter
Blasting operations in or adjacent to buildings, structures, or other facilities should be carefully planned with full consideration of all forces and conditions involved. Appropriate vibration and damage control should be done accordingly.
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SURFACE PREPARARTION
For reinforced concrete, repairs must include proper preparation of the reinforcing steel to develop bond with the replacement concrete to ensure desired behavior in the structure. A) CONCRETE 1. Chemical cleaning : In cases in which concrete is contaminated with oil, gsrease, or dirt, these contaminants must be removed prior to placement of repair materials 2. Mechanical cleaning : Mechanical devices include scabblers, scarifiers, and impact tools. Depending upon the hammer heads used or the nature of the abrasive material, a variety of degrees of surface preparation may be achieved 3. Shot blasting : Steel shot blasting produces a nearly uniform profile that is ideally suited for thin overlay repairs. 4. Blast cleaning. : Blast cleaning includes wet and dry and blasting, and water jetting.
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5. Acid etching : Acid etching of concrete surfaces has long been used to remove laitance and normal amounts of dirt. The acid will remove enough cement paste to provide a roughened surface which will improve the bond of replacement materials. 6. Bonding agents: The general guidance is that small thin patches (less than 50 mm (2 in.) thick) should receive a bonding coat while thicker replacements probably do not require any bonding agent. B) REINFORCING STEEL 1. In limited areas, wire brushing or other hand methods of cleaning are acceptable. For larger areas, dry sandblasting is the preferred method. Alternative methods of cleaning the steel are wet sandblasting or water-jet blasting.
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2.
Methods and materials for repair

Each project for concrete rehabilitation and repair is unique. We cant use same method for each project.
Method 01: Additional Reinforcement

It is the provision of additional reinforcing steel, either conventional reinforcement or prestressing steel, to repair a cracked concrete section. In either case, the steel that is added is to carry the tensile forces that have caused cracking in the concrete. Cracked reinforced concrete bridge girders have been successfully repaired by use of additional conventional reinforcement. Posttensioning is often the desirable solution when a major portion of a member must be strengthened or when the cracks that have formed must be closed. For the posttensioning method, some form of abutment is needed for anchorage, such as a strongback bolted to the face of the concrete, or the tendons can be passed through and anchored in connecting framing.
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Conventional reinforcement
This technique consists of sealing the crack, drilling holes 19 mm (3/4 in.) in at 90 degree to the crack plane, cleaning the hole of dust, filling the hole and crack plane with an adhesive (typically epoxy) pumped under low pressure 344 to 552 KPa (50 to 80 psi), and placing a reinforcing bar into the drilled hole. 4 or 5 bars are used, extending at least 0.5 m (1.6 ft) on each side of the crack. The adhesive bonds the bar to the walls of the hole, fills the crack plane, bonds the cracked concrete surfaces together in one monolithic form, and thus reinforces the section.
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Prestressing steel.
This technique uses prestressing strands or bars to apply a compressive force. Adequate anchorage must be provided for the prestressing steel, and care is needed so that the problem will not merely migrate to another part of the structure. The effects of the tensioning force (including eccentricity) on the stress within the structure should be carefully analyzed.
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Method 02: Autogenous Healing

Autogenous healing is a natural process of crack repair that can occur in the presence of moisture and the absence of tensile stress.
Autogenous healing has practical application for closing cracks in a moist environment. Healing will not occur if the crack is active and is subjected to movement during the healing period. Healing will also not occur if there is a positive flow of water through the crack which dissolves and washes away the lime deposit. A partial exception is a situation in which the flow of water is so slow that complete evaporation occurs at the exposed face causing redeposition of the dissolved salts.
Healing occurs through the carbonation of calcium hydroxide in the cement paste by carbon dioxide, which is present in the surrounding air and water. Calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide crystals precipitate, accumulate, and grow within the cracks. As a result, some of the tensile strength of the concrete is restored across the cracked section, and the crack may become sealed.
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Method 03: Conventional Concrete Placement

This method consists of replacing defective concrete with a new conventional concrete mixture of suitable proportions that will become an integral part of the base concrete. The concrete mixture proportions must provide for good workability, strength, and durability. The repair concrete should have a low w/c and a high percentage of coarse aggregate to minimize shrinkage cracking. If the defects in the structure go entirely through a wall or if the defects go beyond the reinforcement and if the defective area is large, then concrete replacement is the desired method. Replacement is sometimes necessary to repair large areas of honeycomb in new construction. Conventional concrete should not be used for replacement in areas where an aggressive factor which has caused the deterioration of the concrete being replaced still exists.
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Concrete removal Surfaces cleaning Formwork Concreting External vibration Curing of concrete
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Method 04: Crack Arrest Techniques

Crack arrest techniques are those procedures that may be used during the construction of a massive concrete structure to stop crack propagation into subsequent concrete lifts. These techniques should be used only for cracking caused by restrained volume change of the concrete. They should not be used for cracking caused by excessive loading. The simplest technique is to place a grid of reinforcing steel over the cracked area.
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The semicircular pipe is made by splitting a 200-mm (8-in.)-dia piece of 16gauge pipe and bending it to a semicircular shape with about a 76-mm- (3-in.) flange on each side. Then, the area surrounding the crack should be well cleaned and the pipe should be centered on the crack. Once in place, the sections of the pipe should be welded together. Holes should be cut into the pipe to receive grout pipes. Finally, the pipe section should be covered with concrete placed concentrically by hand methods. The grout pipes may be used for grouting at a later date to attempt to restore structural integrity of the cracked section.
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Method 05: Drilling and Plugging

Drilling and plugging a crack consists of drilling down the length of the crack and grouting it to form a key.
This technique is applicable only where cracks run in reasonably straight lines and are accessible at one end. This method is most often used to repair vertical cracks in walls.
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Method 06: Drypacking

Drypacking is a process of ramming or tamping into a confined area a low water-content mortar. Because of the low w/c material, there is little shrinkage, and the patch remains tight and is of good quality with respect to durability, strength, and water-tightness. This technique has an advantage in that no special equipment is required. However, the method does require that the craftsman making the repair be skilled in this particular type of work. Drypacking can be used for patching rock pockets, form tie holes, and small holes with a relatively high ratio of depth to area. It should not be used for patching shallow depressions where lateral restraint cannot be obtained, for patching areas requiring filling in back of exposed reinforcement, nor for patching holes extending entirely through concrete sections. Drypacking can also be used for filling narrow slots cut for the repair of dormant cracks. The use of drypack is not recommended for filling or repairing active cracks.
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Method 07: Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

Fiber-reinforced concrete is composed of conventional portland-cement concrete containing discontinuous discrete fibers. The fibers are added to the concrete in the mixer. Fibers are made from steel, plastic, glass, and other natural materials. Fiber-reinforced concrete has been used extensively for pavement repair. Fiber-reinforced concrete has been used to repair erosion of hydraulic structures caused by cavitation or high velocity flow and impact of large debris. The slump of a concrete mixture is significantly reduced by the addition of fibers. Use of the inverted slump cone test for workability is recommended. A fiber mixture will generally require more vibration to consolidate the concrete.
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Preparation of the area to be repaired, mixing, transporting, placing, and finishing fiber-reinforced concrete follows the procedures for and generally uses the same equipment as plain concrete. Pumping of steel fiber-reinforced concrete with up to 1.5 percent fibers by volume has been done successfully. Mixture design and especially the amount of fibers used are critical so that design parameters for strength and durability are met and the mixture will still be workable.
About 2 percent by volume is considered a practical upper limit for field placement with the necessary workability.
Steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete, with up to 2.0 percent fibers by volume, generally mixed with the dry-mixture process has been successfully used to repair concrete.
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Method 08: Flexible Sealing

Flexible sealing involves routing and cleaning the crack and filling it with a suitable field molded flexible sealant. This technique differs from routing and sealing in that, in this case, an actual joint is constructed, rather than a crack simply being filled. Flexible sealing may be used to repair major, active cracks. It has been successfully used in situations in which there is a limited water head on the crack. This repair technique does not increase the structural capacity of the cracked section. Chemical grouting is a more complicated and expensive procedure, but it can be used in conditions of flowing water.
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Method 09: Gravity Soak

High molecular weight methacrylate (HMWM) is poured or sprayed onto any horizontal concrete surface and spread by broom. The material penetrates very small cracks by gravity and capillary action, polymerizing to form a plug which closes off access to the reinforcing steel. Repairing cracks with the gravity soak method and HMWM has become a proven and cost-effective method. Gravity soak can be an effective repair method for horizontal concrete surfaces that contain excessive, closely spaced shrinkage cracking. This would include bridge decks, parking decks, industrial floors, pavements etc. New concrete must be cured for a week and air dried and cleaned. The mononmer is mixed with the catalyst and quickly poured on the concrete surface. The material is spread by a broom . After about 30 min of penetration time a light broadcast of sand is usually recommended. The excess sand is removed. The surface is ready in 3 to 24 hours.
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Method 10: Grouting (Chemical)

Chemical grouts consist of solutions of two or more chemicals that react to form a gel or solid precipitate as opposed to cement grouts that consist of suspensions of solid particles in a fluid. The reaction in the solution may be either chemical or physicochemical and may involve only the constituents of the solution or may include the interaction of the constituents of the solution with other substances encountered in the use of the grout. The reaction causes a decrease in fluidity and a tendency to solidify and fill voids in the material into which the grout has been injected. Cracks in concrete as narrow as 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) have been filled with chemical grout. The advantages of chemical grouts include their applicability in moist environments, wide limits of control of gel time, and their application in very fine fractures. Disadvantages are the high degree of skill needed for satisfactory use, their lack of strength, and, for some grouts, the requirement that the grout not dry out in service. Also some grouts are highly inflammable and cannot be used in enclosed spaces.
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Method 11: Jacketing

Jacketing consists of restoring or increasing the section of an existing member (principally a compression member) by encasing it in new concrete. The original member need not be concrete; steel and timber sections can be jacketed. The most frequent use of jacketing is in the repair of piling that has been damaged by impact or is disintegrating because of environmental conditions. It is especially useful where all or a portion of the section to be repaired is underwater. When properly applied, jacketing will strengthen the repaired member as well as provide some degree of protection against further deterioration. However, if a concrete pile is deteriorating because of exposure to acidic water, for example, jacketing with conventional portland-cement concrete will not ensure against future disintegration.
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The removal of existing damage is necessary to ensure that repair material bond well with the original material. If a significant amount of removal is necessary then temporary support is required. A steel reinforcement cage may be constructed around the damaged section. Once the form is in place, it may be filled with any suitable material. Choice of the filling material should be based upon the environment in which it will serve as well as a knowledge of what caused the original material to fail. Filling may be accomplished by pumping, by tremie placement, by preplaced aggregate techniques, or by conventional concrete placement if the site can be dewatered.
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METHOD 12 : JUDICIOUS NEGLECT

As the name implies, judicious neglect is the repair method of taking no action. After a careful (i.e., judicious) review of the circumstances the most appropriate action may be to take no action at all. Judicious neglect would be suitable for those cases of deterioration in which the damage to the concrete is causing no current operational problems for the structure and which will not contribute to future deterioration of the concrete. Dormant cracks, such as those caused by shrinkage or some other one-time occurrence, may be self-sealing. That the cracks clog with dirt, grease, or oil, or perhaps a little recrystallization occurs. The result is that the cracks are plugged, particularly if leakage is the result of some intermittent cause than a continuing pressure head, will disappear without doing any repair.
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METHOD 13 : OVERLAYS (POLYMER)

Polymer overlays generally consist of latex-modified concrete, epoxy-modified concrete and epoxy mortar and concrete. They are known as polymer portland-cement concretes (PPCC). These materials may be formulated to provide improved bonding characteristics, higher strengths, and lower water and chloride permeabilities compared to conventional concrete. Overlays composed of epoxy mortars or concretes are best suited for use in areas where concrete is being attacked by an aggressive substance such as acidic water or some other chemical in the water. These overlays may also be used in some instances to repair surface cracking, provided that the cause of the cracking is wellunderstood and no movement of the concrete is expected in the future
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METHOD 14 : OVERLAYS (PORTLAND-CEMENT)

Overlays are simply layers of concrete (usually horizontal) placed over a properly prepared existing concrete surface to restore a spalled or disintegrated surface or increase the load-carrying capacity of the underlying concrete. A portland-cement-concrete overlay may be suitable for a wide variety of applications, such as resurfacing spalled or cracked concrete surfaces on bridge decks or lock walls, increasing cover over reinforcing steel, or leveling floors or slabs. Other applications of overlays include repair of concrete surfaces which are damaged by abrasion-erosion and the repair of deteriorated pavements Overlays should not be used in applications in which the original damage was caused by aggressive chemical attack that would be expected to act against the portland cement in the overlay
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METHOD 15 : POLYMER COATINGS

Polymer coatings, if the right material for the job condition is selected and properly applied, can be an effective protective coating to help protect the concrete from abrasion, chemical attack, or freeze and thaw damage. Epoxy resin is used as a protective coating because of its impermeability to water and resistance to chemical attack. Mixing and applying polymers should be cariied out between 16 C (60 F) and above 32 C (89 F) . Special sharp sand must be broadcast on the fresh surface if foot traffic is expected on the finished surface. Because of their high exotherm and higher shrinkage values, a neat epoxy in thicker sections is likely to crack.
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METHOD 16 : POLYMER IMPREGNATION

Polymer impregnated concrete (PIC) is a portland-cement concrete that is subsequently polymerized This technique requires use of a monomer system, which is a liquid that consists of small organic molecules capable of combining to form a solid plastic.Monomer systems used for impregnation contain a catalyst or initiator and the basic monomer (or different isomers of the same monomer) When heated, the monomers join together, or polymerize to become a tough, strong, durable plastic, which in concrete greatly enhances a number of the properties of the concrete.
If a cracked concrete surface is dried, flooded with the monomer, and polymerized in place, the cracks will be filled and structurally repaired
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Polymer impregnation has not been used successfully to repair fine cracks. Badly fractured beams have been repaired with polymer impregnation by drying the fracture, temporarily encasing it in a watertight (monomer proof) band of sheet metal, soaking the fractures with a monomer, and polymerizing the monomer. Large voids or broken areas in compression zones can be filled with fine and coarse aggregate before flooding them with the monomer, providing a polymer-concrete repair.
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METHOD 17 : PRECAST CONCRETE

Precast concrete is concrete cast elsewhere than its final position. The use of precast concrete in repair and replacement of structures has increased significantly in recent years and the trend is expected to continue. Typical applications of precast concrete in repair or replacement of civil works structures include navigation locks, dams, channels, floodwalls, levees, coastal structures, marine structures, bridges, culverts, tunnels, retaining walls, noise barriers, and highway pavement.
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METHOD 18: PREPLACED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Preplaced-aggregate concrete is produced by placing coarse aggregate in a form and then later injecting a portland-cement-sand grout, usually with admixtures, to fill the voids. As the grout is pumped into the forms, it will fill the voids, displacing any water, and form a concrete mass. Preplaced-aggregate concrete is used on large repair projects, particularly where underwater concrete placement is required or when conventional placing of concrete would be difficult. Typical applications have included underwater repair of stilling basins, bridge piers, abutments, and footings. The advantages of using preplaced-aggregate concrete include low shrinkage because of the point-to point aggregate contact & ability to displace water from forms as the grout is being placed.
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REPAIR AND REHABILTATION OF RCC STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION METHOD 18 : PREPLACED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE
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METHOD 19 : ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE

Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is defined as concrete compacted by roller compaction; concrete that, in its unhardened state, will support a roller while being compacted RCC should be considered where no-slump concrete can be transported, placed, and compacted with earth and rock-fill construction equipment. Ideal RCC projects will involve large placement areas, little or no reinforcement or embedded metals, or other discontinuities such as piles. RCC has been so successful for repair of non-Corps dams that the number of dam repair projects now exceeds the number of new RCC dams. The primary advantages of RCC are low cost (25 to 50 percent less than conventionally placed concrete) and rapid construction. RCC has been used to strengthen and improve the stability of existing dams, to repair damaged overflow structures, to protect embankment dams during overtopping, and to raise the crest on existing dams.
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METHOD 20 : SLABJACKING
Slabjacking is a repair process in which holes are drilled in an existing concrete slab and a cementitious grout is injected to fill any voids and raise the slab as necessary. This process is also known as mudjacking. Slabjacking is applicable to any situation in which a slab or other concrete section or grade needs to be repositioned. Slabjacking should be considered as an alternative to removal and replacement with conventional concrete. Applications include sidewalks, pavement slabs, water tanks, and swimming pools. This process has also been used to fill voids behind and under concrete structures; in such applications, it is simply a variation of portland-cement grouting.
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METHOD 21 : STITCHING
This min stitching dogs (U-shaped metal units with short legs) that span the crack. Stitching may be used when tensile strength must be reestablished across major cracks. Stitching a crack tends to stiffen the structure, and the stiffening may accentuate the overall structural restraint, causing the concrete to crack elsewhere. Therefore, it may be necessary to strengthen the adjacent section with external reinforcement embedded in a suitable overlay. ethod involves drilling holes on both sides of the crack and grouting
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Procedure: The stitching procedure consists of drilling holes on both sides of the crack, cleaning the holes, and anchoring the legs of the dogs in the holes, with either a no shrink grout or an epoxy-resin-based bonding system. Spacing of the stitching dogs should be reduced at the end of cracks and consideration should be given to drilling a hole at each end of the crack to blunt it and relieve the concentration of stress. Both sides of the concrete section shall be stitched so that further movement of the structure will not bend the dogs. Stitching shall be done on the tension face, where movement is occurring. The crack shall be made watertight as well as stitched to protect the dogs from corrosion. If there is a tendency for the crack to close as well as to open, the dogs must be stiffened and strengthened.
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Method 22: Shotcrete

Shotcrete is defined as pneumatically applied concrete or mortar placed directly on to a surface. The shotcrete shall be placed by either the dry mix or wet mix process. The dry mix process shall consist of: Thoroughly mixing the dry materials, Feeding of these materials into mechanical feeder or gun, Carrying the materials by compressed air through a hose to a special nozzle, Introducing water at nozzle point and intimately mixing it with other ngredients at the nozzle; Jetting the mixture from the nozzle at high velocity on to the surface to receive the shotcrete.
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The wet-mix process shall consist of: Thoroughly mixing all the ingredients with the exception of the accelerating admixture, Feeding the mixture into the delivery equipment; Delivering the mixture by positive displacement or compressed air to the nozzle; Jetting the mixture from the nozzle at high velocity on to the surface to receive the shotcrete. Procedure: The gun is easily assembled from readily available material, has only a few critical dimensions, and can be operated by personnel without extensive training. The gun is used for application of mortar in small, shallow repairs on vertical and overhead surfaces.
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Method 23: Plate bonding

Plate bonding is an inexpensive, versatile and advanced technique for rehabilitation, up gradation of concrete structures by mechanically connecting MS plates by bolting and gluing to their surfaces with epoxy. Plate bonding can substantially increase strength, stiffness, ductility and stability of the reinforced concrete elements and can be used effectively for seismic retrofitting. In this method the bolts, which are first used to hold the plates in position during construction, act as permanent shear connectors and integral restraints. The bolts are also designed to resist interface forces assuming the epoxy glue used as non-existent assuming it as destroyed by fire, chemical break down, rusting or simply bad workmanship. Since epoxy is prone to premature debonding, use of mechanical anchorage along with epoxy bonding is considered more reliable. Since the steel plates are unobtrusive, with this technique original sizes of the structural members are not increased significantly. This method is preferred where enlargement of the members is going to affect the headroom, existing windows, doors and other fixtures.
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REPAIR AND REHABILTATION OF RCC STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION METHOD 24 : FOUNDATION REHABILITATION METHODS
A. Shoring
1.Raking shores with the angle of shores generally 60o to 75o are usually used where external support is necessary. In case, the feet of raking shores are to be kept free, then flying shores can be provided which strut against another structure or wall. 2. Flying shores merely provide a restraint against building or tilting. 3. Dead shores are verified struts bearing on the ground at the required distance & supporting the vertical load of a wall wherever required in conjunction with flying shores or horizontal ties
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B. UNDERPINNING Underpinning piles are normally provided in pairs, one on each side of the load bearing walls or in groups around the sides of columns. Micro-piles are a useful means of underpinning. They can be installed from the ground surface without deep excavation and the equipment in installing the piles is suitable for working in confined spaces. The rotary drilling results in less damage & loss of ground, as compared to the percussion method. Proprietary jacked piles with pre-cast segments are another means of underpinning. In the proprietary pretest methods of underpinning the underlying ground is preloaded before the load of the structure is finally transferred by means of jacking between the tilted existing structure & the new underpinning. There are various patented systems of jacking, involving interconnection of jacks with centralised pumping plant etc.
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RETROFITTING .
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RETROFITTING
In retrofitting, the structure must be designed so it is in keeping with its purpose of use and is both safe and durable, with consideration given to the ease of retrofitting construction and post-retrofitting maintenance, as well as overall economy and environmentfriendliness. Retrofitting is an important element of home improvement, especially when it comes to protecting older homes from damage, especially damage caused by the elements and weather events. The term "retro" generally refers to things of the past, so combined with the term "fitting" we can establish that it refers to fitting things in with items from the past. When it comes to home improvement, it essentially means adding new equipment or technology to previously built structures.
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CASES WHEN RETROFITTING IS DONE

1. The performance requirements are the same as those of the structure when it was first built, but because the performance of the structure has declined due to load action and environmental action over time, the structure did not fulfill performance requirements at the time of the inspection; through retrofitting, the performance that would satisfy performance requirements is added. The design load has been changed or the structure otherwise requires a higher level of performance than when initially constructed, and therefore it does not fulfill performance requirements; through retrofitting, the performance that would satisfy performance requirements is added. At the time of the inspection, the structure fulfilled performance requirements but is predicted to not do so in the future due to a decline in performance due to load action and environmental action over time; performance improvements are conducted to prevent this in advance.
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FLOW OF RETROFITTING PROCESS

Retrofitting of structures shall proceed as follows: (1) Identify the performance requirements for the existing Structure to be retrofitted and draft an overall plan from inspection through selection of retrofitting method, design of retrofitting structure and implementation of retrofitting work. (2) Inspect the existing structure to be retrofitted. (3) Based on the results of the inspection, evaluate the performance of the structure and verify that it fulfills performance requirements.
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(4) If the structure does not fulfill performance requirements, and if continued use of the structure through retrofitting is desired, proceed with design of the retrofitting structure.
(5) Select an appropriate retrofitting method and establish the materials to be used, structural specifications and construction method.
(6) Evaluate the performance of the structure after retrofitting and verify that it will fulfill performance requirements. (7) If it is determined that the retrofitting structure will be capable of fulfilling performance requirements with the selected retrofitting and construction methods, implement the retrofitting work.
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RETROFFITING STRATEGIES
A number of options are available for giving a relief to a distressed structure, which could cover any of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reduction of dead/live loads Repair/strengthening of Columns, beams and slabs Improving the compressive strength of concrete. Attending to Cracks and joints Improving the masonry structure to be able to resist earthquake forces Providing protective cover against the aggressive deteriorating chemicals.
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STRESS REDUCTION
This can be achieved by
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Reducing dead load and live loads; Replacing heavy solid partitions with lightweight partitions; Enlarging openings by removing filler walls; Reducing numbers of stories; Changing the building use to a lower classification of loading; Span reduction of beams by providing struts etc; Installation of shear movement joints in a continuous spans at points of zero moment.
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STRENGTHENING COLUMNS, BEAMS AND SLABS

COLUMNS
The strengthening of columns may be required for the following a. CAPACITY: The load carrying capacity of the column can be enhanced by section enlargement. Different types of arrangement for section enlargement are shown below
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Column Compressive Strengthening by Section Enlargement 78

b. DUCTILITY/CONFINEMENT: The ductility of the column can be enhanced by providing additional tiles, steel plate bonding, and fibre wrap. c. JOINTS: The joints play crucial for resisting earthquake forces. The joints can be strengthening by enlargement, jacketing by steel collar and fibre wrap.
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BEAMS
The strengthening of beams may be required for the following a. FLEXURAL STRENGTH: The flexural strength of the beam can be enhanced by i. Section enlargement in compression, ii. Additional reinforcement in the tension. Caution shall be exercised to ensure that section is not over reinforced while providing additional reinforcement to compensate loss of reinforcement due to corrosion etc. iii. The provisioning for enhanced tensile strength if being undertaken, this should be accompanied with corresponding increase in compression as well .Due to such increased flexural capacities extra shear capacities required to ensure ductile behaviour during earthquake shall also considered for provision.
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iv. MS plate bonding v. High Strength Fibre Fabric Wrap Technique (without section enlargement)
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Beam Strengthening : Concrete Overlay And Section Enlargement

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SLAB
The performance of the slab can be improved by providing overlays (in case of negative moment deficiency) or underlay (in case of positive moment deficiency). The addition of overlay/underlay will also increase the stiffness of the slabs and control the excessive deflections problems. The slabs are generally safe in shear and as such no need is likely to occur for shear strengthening except flat slabs near column capital.
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Slab Strengthening : Concrete Overlay
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CRACKS/JOINTS
The concrete and masonry are weak in tension. The cracks indicate the tensile failure of the material. The cause of cracking should be examined in detail and remedial measures taken accordingly. Inactive (i.e. non-moving) cracks in masonry can be repaired by stitching. Grouting with non-shrink grouts also repairs these types of cracks.
The active cracks required for accommodating thermal movements shall be repaired by suitably locating the expansion joints and filling them with flexible materials like poly-sulphides, bituminous fillers etc.
85

PROTECTION
Protective measures for preservation and extending the service life of the structure. They are given below: Water Proofing Depressed Floor Treatment Terrace Treatment Sun Shade Surface Treatment Creation of Barrier
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SEISMIC REHABILITATION
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Seismic Rehabilitation
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Choice of a Seismic Strengthening Scheme

The strengthening solution Must correct known seismic deficiencies of the system Must be structurally compatible with the existing system Must be functionally and aesthetically compatible Must meet the expected performance goal such as life safety or limited damage. Must minimize the disruption to occupants Must be cost-effective and use available materials and Equipment
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Adding New Shear Walls
Filling Openings
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Adding Shotcrete to Existing Masonry
Adding Jackets to RC Frame Members

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Adding Wing (Side) Walls
Adding Buttresses
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Adding Braces
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Underpinning the Footing
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CASE STUDY : Ten Storied RCC Framed Office Building at Delhi
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SALIENT FEATUERS
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VISUAL OBSERVATIONS
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THANK YOU
0806 0606
1206
2306
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Question
What is Seismic Rehabilitation ?
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Group 3 Repair and Retrofitting of RCC Structures

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Group 3 Repair and Retrofitting of RCC Structures

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REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL FAILURES AND REHABILITATION

School of Building Science and Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

AN OVERVIEW OF PRESENT REPAIR PRACTICES

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

AN OVERVIEW OF PRESENT REPAIR PRACTICES

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE REPAIRS

structural deficiency material deterioration unanticipated over loadings or physical damage

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

REPAIR AND REHABILTATION OF RCC STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

REPAIR AND REHABILTATION OF RCC STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST EVALUATION

REPAIR AND REHABILTATION OF RCC STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST EVALUATION

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION CONCRETE DETERIORATION FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE

Freezing and Thawing

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

RELATING SYMPTOMS TO CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

RELATING SYMPTOMS TO CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

CLASSES OF DAMAGE AND REPAIR CLASSIFICATION

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

CLASSES OF DAMAGE AND REPAIR CLASSIFICATION

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

CONSIDERATIONS FOR REPAIR STRATEGY

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

CONSIDERATIONS FOR REPAIR STRATEGY

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

SELECTION OF REPAIR METHOD FOR ACTIVE CRACKS

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

SELECTION OF REPAIR METHOD FOR ACTIVE CRACKS

SELECTION OF REPAIR METHOD FOR PASSIVE CRACKS

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING OF RCC STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND REHABILITATION

Removing the concrete