Present by : Moch Nur Kholis Lailatul Isnaeni Aris Tri Susanto Muzdalifah Noor

Who cares about molecular shape?

The shape of a molecule plays a very important role in determining its properties. Properties such as smell, taste, and proper targeting (of drugs) are all the result of molecular shape.

Molecular Shape
Lewis structures tell us nothing about how atoms in a molecule are arranged in 3dimensional space.

Could you have predicted the arrangement of atoms on the right from just seeing its Lewis structure?

Main Premise of VSEPR Theory

Molecules will adopt a shape that is lowest in energy A low energy shape is one that minimizes the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) between adjacent atoms

Huh?
Atoms in a molecule try to spread out from one another as much as possible to reduce the like charge repulsion between their outer electrons.

H H C H H

metana, CH4
You might think this is the farthest that the hydrogens can get away from each other
109.5

90

But if you think in 3 dimensions, this shape actually causes less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons

Lima Bentuk Utama :

Molecules adopt a geometry (shape) that minimizes e e repulsions g this occurs when e- pairs are as far apart as possible.

Here are the STEPS for determining molecular geometry:

1. Draw a Lewis structure 2. Count the # of bonds and # of lone pairs around the central atom (these are called domains)
Single, Double and Triple bonds count as ONE domain Each lone pair counts as ONE domain

3. Use CHART to determine shape

Name of molecule shape is based on position of atoms (not domains)

What the heck is an electron domain?

Its a region in space where electrons are likely to be
So its an area of high electron concentration A domain is wherever there is a bond or a lone pair around an atom

Bonds = Bonding Domains Lone Pairs = Nonbonding Domains

How many domains around each atom?

Remember the BIG PICTURE?

These domains are all negatively charged so they want to spread out from each other as much as possible within a molecule.
This minimizes like charge repulsion between electrons and represents the lowest possible energy state for the molecule.

Bentuk Geometri

Contoh VSEPR

Contoh VSEPR

Contoh VSEPR

Catatan:
Lone pairs take up more space than bonding pairs and thus push atoms farther away from each other (decrease the predicted bond angles).

Susunan untuk e- tetrahedral:

Pasangan Elektron Bebas
Sudut ikatan Contoh 0 1 2

109.5

107

104.5

CH4

NH3

H2O

Lets take a look at this phenomena

metana, CH4
109.5

H H C H H
90

Gaya tolakan yang lemah antara pasangan elektron ikat

ammonia
NH3
H N H H

..

mungkin banyak yang mengira bentuk NH3 adalah datar di tengah tapi PEB dari NH3 mendorong hidrogen menuju ke bawah

H H C H H

.. H N H
H

.. H O .. H

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107

104.5

VSEPR Notation
Also known as AXE notation A= central atom X = # of atoms bonded to central atom E = # of lone pair electrons on central atom

VSEPR Notation
In AXE notation, the X and the E may have a subscript after them to tell how many. Example: H2O
Has 2 atoms bonded to central atom Has 2 lone pairs on central atom Its AXE notation is AX2E2

H C H H H

N H H H

Review
If two atoms share electrons, but dont share them equally, we call it a polar covalent bond
Electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom One end of the molecule develops a partial negative charge because it has a higher electron density

Momen Dipol
A molecule such as H-Cl that has an area of partial positive charge and an area of partial negative charge is said to have a dipole moment

The dipolar character is represented by an arrow pointing toward the (-) end of the molecule

Dipole Moments
ALL diatomic molecules with a polar bond have a dipole moment
Ex. H-Cl

SOME polyatomic molecules with polar bonds have a dipole moment Ex. water (does); carbon dioxide (does NOT) It depends on the molecular geometry!!!

Air itu Senyawa Polar

It has polar H-O bonds Its geometry is bent So the molecule is polar
It has a dipole

BF3 termasuk Non-polar

It has polar B-F bonds Bentuk geometri = trigonal planar So the molecule is non-polar
Tidak memiliki momen dipol All the fluorines cancel

Cara Memisahkan.....
Melarutkan dengan yang Sejenis
Molekul polar dilarutkan dalam larutan polar Molekul nonpolar dilarutkan dalam larutan nonpolar Larutan polar dan nonpolar solutions tidak akan bereaksi
Contohnya : Air (polar) dan minyak (nonpolar)