Review Test2 NoFigs

BSC2011.
Review exam 2

From
Neurons

 to
 Muscles
and from

Plant 
structure to
Hormones
Martijn Slot, 08 July 2009

Road map:
Animal Form & Function

Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 49: Nervous Systems
Chapter 50: Sensory and Motor mechanisms
Plant Form & Function

Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants
Chapter 37: Soil & Plant Nutrition
Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction & Biotechnology
Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal & External Signals
Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
35.1 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues,

and cells
35.2 Meristems generate cells for new organs
35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
35.4 Secondary growth adds girth to stems and roots in
woody plants
35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation produce
the plant body
Concept 35.1
 Which of the following is derived from the ground

tissue system?
 A) root hairs
 B) cuticle
 C) periderm
 D) pith
 E) phloem
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Concept 35.2
 Plants contain meristems whose only function is to

 A) attract pollinators.
 B) absorb ions.
 C) photosynthesize.
 D) divide.
 E) produce flowers.

Concept 35.3
 Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

 A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem.
 B) cell elongation directly behind the shoot apical meristem.
 C) cell division localized in each internode.
 D) cell elongation localized in each internode.
 E) A and B only.


Concept 35.4
 Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as
 A) dermal and ground tissue.

 B) lateral tissues.
 C) pith.
 D) secondary tissues.
 E) shoots and roots.


Concept 35.5
According to the ABC model of floral development,


which genes would be expressed in a showy

ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but
no stamens or carpels?

 A) A genes only.
 B) B genes only.
 C) C genes only.
 D) A and B genes only.

Fig. 35-34
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
A Carpels (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesis
B
C
C gene
activity
B + C Carpel
A + B
gene
gene
activity
activity Petal
A gene
activity
Stamen
Sepal
Active B B B B B B B B A A A A
genes: A A C C C C A A C C C C C C C C A A C C C C A A A B B A A B B A
Whorls:
Carpel
Stamen Petal
Sepal
Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C
(b) Side view of flowers with organ identity mutations
Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular
plants
36.1 Land plants acquire resources both above and below
ground
36.2 Transport occurs by short-distance diffusion or active
transport, and by long-distance bulk flow
36.3 Water and minerals are transported from roots to
shoots
36.4 Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration
36.5 Sugars are transported from leaves and other sources
to sites of use or storage
36.6 The symplast is highly dynamic
Fig. 36-15
Outside air ψ
14,500 psi
= −100.0 Mpa
Leaf ψ (air spaces)

= −7.0 Mpa
Transpiration
Leaf ψ (cell walls)
= −1.0 Mpa
Xylem
cells
Trunk xylem ψ
= −0.8 Mpa Cohesion and
adhesion in
the xylem
Trunk xylem ψ
= −0.6 Mpa
Soil ψ = −0.3 Mpa
Water uptake
from soil
Fig. 35-18a
Key
to labels
Dermal
Ground
Cuticle Sclerenchyma
Vascular
fibers
Stoma
Upper
epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll
Bundle Spongy
sheath mesophyll
cell Lower
epidermis
Cuticle
Xylem
Phloem Vein
Guard
(a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues cells
Concept 36.1
If Psi P = 0.3 MPa and Psi S = -0.45 MPa, the resulting


Psi w is
 A) +0.75 MPa.
 B) -0.75 MPa.
 C) -0.15 MPa.
 D) +0.15 MPa.
 E) -0.42 MPa.

Concept 36.2
All of the following involves active transport across


membranes except
 A) the movement of mineral nutrients from the apoplast to the
symplast.
 B) the movement of sugar from mesophyll cells into sieve-
tube members in maize.
 C) the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube member to
the next.
 D) K+ uptake by guard cells during stomatal opening.

Concept 36.3
Water potential is generally most negative in which of

the following parts of a plant?
 A) mesophyll cells of the leaf

 B) xylem vessels in leaves
 C) xylem vessels in roots
 D) cells of the root cortex
 E) root hairs
Concept 36.4
 Guard cells do which of the following?
 A) protect the endodermis

 B) accumulate K+ and close the stomata
 C) contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells
 D) guard against mineral loss through the stomata
 E) help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise


Concept 36.5
Arrange the following five events in an order that


explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem.


 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes.

 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis.
 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes.
 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf.
 5. Sugar moves down the stem.

 A) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
 B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 C) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
 D) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
Chapter 37: Soil and Plant Nutrition
37.1 Soil is a living, finite resource

37.2 Plants require essential elements to complete their life
cycle
37.3 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other
organisms
Plant nutrition. It’s all about soils
Liebig's law of the minimum

Growth determined by most limiting, not
by total resources
Green revolution
© M.Slot
Essential elements; elements required for completion
of life cycle
Getting there…
with a little help from your friends…
Mutualisms -with nitrogen fixing bacteria

-with mycorrhizae
Parasitism
Carnivory
(commensalism -epiphytes)
Concept 37.1
All of the following contribute directly to the

composition of soil except which one?
a) weathering of source rock

b) remains of dead organisms
c) water and air
d) energy from the sun
e) materials secreted by living organisms

Concept 37.1
Which of these best describes cation exchange in

soils?
a) Cations are exchanged for anions on soil particles.

b) Cation exchange determines the pH of the soil.
c) Mineral cations are displaced from soil particles by H+.
d) Plant root hairs take up cations.
e) Plant root hairs take up anions.

Concept 37.1
Soil particles are negatively charged; which is most likely
to occur during leaching, when water percolates through
the soil after a heavy rain?
a) Equal amounts of K+ and HCO3– will be lost into the

groundwater.
b) More Ca2+ and Mg2+ than anions are lost into the
groundwater.
c) More Cl– and HCO3– than cations are lost into the
groundwater.
d) More anions become available for root uptake.
e) More cations become available for root uptake.
Concept 37.2
For this pair of items, choose the option that best


describes their relationship.

 (A) The amount of essential macronutrients required by
plants
 (B) The amount of essential micronutrients required by
plants
 A) Item (A) is greater than item (B).
 B) Item (A) is less than item (B).
 C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item
(B).

Concept 37.3
 For this pair of items, choose the option that best

describes their relationship.
 (A) The percent of plant species that form ectomycorrhizae
 (B) The percent of plant species that form arbuscular
mycorrhizae
 A) Item (A) is greater than item (B).
 B) Item (A) is less than item (B).
 C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item
(B).
 D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above

What is an advantage of using organic fertilizer
that is not true for inorganic fertilizer?
a) It contains all three major nutrients: N, P, and K.

b) It contains carbohydrates that plants use.
c) It is made in controlled industrial processes.
d) It releases nutrients more slowly, resisting leaching.
e) Its nutrients are immediately available to plants.

Why was it easier to determine plant mineral
requirements in experiments using hydroponic culture
rather than soil in pots?
a) With hydroponics, it is easier to ensure the plant has
sufficient water.
b) With hydroponics, it is easier to omit one mineral at
a time for testing.
c) With hydroponics, plant roots do not require O2.
d) With hydroponics, differential results can be seen

even before the plants reach maturity.
e) With hydroponics, light and CO2 requirements for
photosynthesis can be controlled more easily.
Nutrients with which of the following functions are
required by plants in the smallest quantity?
a) enzyme cofactors for occasional processes

b) nutrients required for chlorophyll synthesis
c) atoms in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
d) ions for regulation of stomatal opening
e) cofactors for plant cell wall stability

Which of the following is an example of
phytoremediation?
a) Plants secrete H+ ions that modify the soil pH.

b) The mesh of roots holds soil in place, preventing
erosion.
c) Plants take in atmospheric CO2, limiting global
warming.
d) Plant decomposition returns many minerals to the
soil.
e) Plants take up and concentrate excess zinc from
soils.

Which of the following indicates that Rhizobium
bacteria have evolved to be symbiotic with legume
plants?
a) All nitrogen-fixing bacteria are symbiotic.

b) Rhizobium bacteria cannot survive outside plants.
c) Rhizobium bacteria have anaerobic metabolism to
prevent O2 interference with nitrogen fixation.
d) Rhizobium take a bacteroid form and activate

nitrogenase only when inside root nodules.
e) Plants use ammonia from the Rhizobium bacteria to
make amino acids.

Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique

features of the angiosperm life cycle
38.2 Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually or both
38.3 Humans modify crops by breeding and genetic
engineering
Reproduction. It is (not always) all about sex.
Fig. 38-3a
stamen carpel
Development of a male
gametophyte (in pollen grain)
Microsporangium
(pollen sac)
Microsporocyte (2n)
MEIOSIS
4 microspores (n)
Each of 4
microspores (n)
MITOSI
Generative cell (n) Male
gametophyte
Nucleus of
tube cell (n)
Fig. 38-3b
Development of a female
gametophyte (embryo sac)
Megasporangium (2n)
Ovule Megasporocyte (2n)

MEIOSIS Integuments (2n)
Micropyle
Surviving
megaspore (n)
MITOSIS
Female gametophyte
Ovule
3 antipodal cells (n)
(embryo sac)
2 polar nuclei (n)
1 egg (n)
Integuments (2n)
2 synergids (n)
Fig. 38-5a
Stigma Pollen grain
Pollen tube
2 sperm
Style
Ovary
Ovule Polar nuclei
Micropyle Egg
Fig. 38-5b
Ovule
Polar nuclei
Egg
Synergid
2 sperm
From seeds to the next generation
What is a good place for the seedling to
grow?
mechanisms of seed dispersal
Concept 38.1
If a single sperm joins with the two polar nuclei to form
the cell that will become endosperm but the other sperm
fails to fuse with the egg cell, you predict that the
a) contain lots of endosperm but no embryo.

b) contain an embryo but no endosperm.
c) never develop.
d) ripen faster.
e) not attract animals.

Concept 38.1
A flower has a single carpel, a single ovary, and a
single ovule. You predict that the fruit will
a) be small.
b) be fleshy when ripe.
c) have a single seed inside.
d) be dispersed by wind.
e) all of the above

Concept 38.1
You are looking at a flower you’ve never seen before.
It is large and creamy white and has a strong sweet
odor. Immediately, you suspect that it is probably
a) wind.
b) bats.
c) butterflies.
d) bees.
e) flies.

Concept 38.1
In a flower, the petals may do all of the following
except
a) produce pollen.
b) advertise.
c) restrict access to the floral interior.
d) signal to the pollinators where to find nectar.
e) secrete sugars.

Concept 38.2
 What is the function of the integument of an

ovule?
 A) protect against animal predation

 B) ensure double fertilization
 C) form a seed coat
 D) direct development of the endosperm
 E) produce hormones that ensure successful pollination

Concept 38.2
The banana is losing the battle against two fungal
epidemics. Bananas are grown via cloning. One reason
they are vulnerable to infection is
a) the offspring remain connected to the parent, so the
disease can spread easily.
b) the fungi infect the tools used to cut the connections
between parent and offspring.
c) the infection evolved more recently than the banana did.
d) bananas are the world’s most popular fruit, so where
bananas can be grown they are everywhere, making it
easy for the fungus to be transmitted.
e) bananas are virtually identical genetically, so a disease
that can infect one banana probably can also infect other
bananas.
Concept 38.3
Genetically modified organisms are created by

combining genes in ways not seen in nature. Therefore,
the new organisms are likely to
a) be more competitive and able to spread.

b) have traits that we didn’t expect.
c) be environmentally destructive.
d) spread those new genes through pollen movement.
e) be more tolerant of chemical treatments.

Which of the following is gametophyte tissue?
a) stigma
b) pollen tube
c) receptacle
d) anthers
e) nectar

Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External
Signals
39.1 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to
response
39.2 Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development
and responses to stimuli
39.3 Responses to light are critical for plant success
39.4 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than
light
39.5 Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
Hormones. A delicate balance
Important for growth,

development and responses to
biotic and abiotic factors
Concept 39.1
External stimuli would be received most quickly by a

plant cell if the receptors for signal transduction were
located in the
 A) cell membrane.
 B) cytoplasmic matrix.
 C) endoplasmic reticulum.
 D) nuclear membrane.
 E) nucleoplasm.

Concept 39.2
We know from the experiments of the past that plants


bend toward light because
 A) they need sunlight energy for photosynthesis.

 B) the sun stimulates stem growth.
 C) cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem.
 D) auxin is inactive on the dark side of the stem.
 E) phytochrome stimulates florigen production.

Concept 39.3
Which of the following does not reduce the level of the


Pfr form of phytochrome?


 A) exposure to far-red light

 B) exposure to red light
 C) long dark period
 D) destruction of phytochrome
 E) synthesis of phosphorylating enzymes

Concept 39.4
You discover a plant that produces a guard cell

hormone under water-deficit conditions. Most likely
the hormone is
 A) ABA.
 B) GA.
 C) IAA.
 D) 2,4-D.
 E) salicylic acid.

Concept 39.5
 A plant will recognize a pathogenic invader

 A) if it has many specific plant disease resistance (R)
genes.
 B) when the pathogen has an R gene complementary to the
plant's antivirulence (Avr) gene.
 C) only if the pathogen and the plant have the same R
genes.
 D) if it has the specific R gene that corresponds to the
pathogen molecule encoded by an Avr gene.

Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in

information transfer
48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels maintain the resting
potential of a neuron
48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
What happens when?

What happens when?
a) As in g)
b) Na+ channels still closed, K+ channels
open
c) Voltage-gated Na+ channels close,
voltage-gated K+ channels open
d) Permeability to Na+ at maximum
e) Many voltage-gated Na+ channels open,
most gated K+ channels still closed
f) Membrane depolarization: some
voltage-gated Na+ channels open
g) Sodium-potassium pump pumps Na+ out &
K+ in. Voltage-gated Na+ & K+ channels
closed. Some K+ channels open
+ ions are attracted to the region near the channel due to the lower [Na+ ion]
- ions are repelled from the region near the channel due to the lower [Na+ ion]
Na+ ions diffuse toward the channel down their concentration gradient.
- ions near the channel are attracted to the Na+ ions that have entered
+ ions near the channel are repelled by the Na+ ions that have entered
Na+ ions diffuse away from the channel down their concentration gradient.

Concept 48.1
A nervous system can alter activities in its target

cells in muscles and glands because
A) they are electrically coupled by gap junctions.

B) the target cells have receptor proteins for the signals
released by the nervous system.
C) the nervous system releases signals into the blood to
control the target cells.
D) the target cells that become disconnected from the
nervous system rapidly die.
E) the target cells each have an internal neural network
connected to the nervous system.
Concept 48.2
The "threshold" potential of a membrane
A) is the point of separation from a living from a dead neuron.

B) is the lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce.
C) is the minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the
occurrence of action potentials.
D) is the minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated
sodium and potassium channels.
E) is the peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential.
Concept 48.3
In the sequence of permeability changes for a complete

action potential, the first of these events that occurs is
A) the activation of the sodium-potassium "pump."

B) the inhibition of the sodium-potassium "pump."
C) the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
D) the closing of voltage-gated potassium channels.
E) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.
Concept 48.4
The observation that the acetylcholine released into the

junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of
A) a voltage-gated sodium channel.

B) a voltage-gated potassium channel.
C) a ligand-gated sodium channel.
D) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel.
E) a chemical that inhibits action potentials.
Concept 48.4
The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated

by
A) its active transport across the presynaptic membrane.

B) its diffusion across the presynaptic membrane.
C) its active transport across the postsynaptic membrane.
D) its diffusion across the postsynaptic membrane.
E) its degradation by a hydrolytic enzyme on the postsynaptic
membrane.

Chapter 49: Nervous Systems
49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and

supporting cells
49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
49.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and
cognitive functions
49.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory
and learning
49.5 Nervous system disorders can be explained in
molecular terms
Concept 49.1
Which system controls smooth and cardiac muscles

of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory
systems?
A) central nervous system

B) peripheral nervous system
C) autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
E) sympathetic nervous system

Concept 49.2
Which of the following contains regulatory

centers for the respiratory and circulatory
systems?
A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus
E) medulla oblongata

Cerebru Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
The midbrain contains centers
for receipt and integration of
sensory information
Brainste
The pons regulates breathing
Midbrai
Pituitar P centers in the medulla
y Medulla
gland
Spinal Cerebellu
oblongata The medulla oblongata controls
Central
e.g. breathing, cardiovascular
) Adult
activity, swallowing,
vomiting, and digestion

Concept 49.3
Which of the following describes the functional

controls of Wernicke's area?
A) It is active when speech is heard and comprehended.

B) It is active during the generation of speech.
C) It coordinates the response to olfactory sensation.
D) It is active when you are reading silently.
E) It is found on the left side of the brain.

Concept 49.4
Short-term memory information processing usually

causes changes in the
A) brainstem.
B) medulla.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.
E) cranial nerves.

Concept 49.5
Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that
A) schizophrenia results in hallucinations.

B) schizophrenia results in both manic and depressive
states.
C) schizophrenia results in decreased dopamine.
D) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment.
E) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines.
.

Chapter 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and

transmit signals to the central nervous system
50.2 The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and
equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles
50.3 The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of
sensory receptors
50.4 Similar mechanisms underlie vision throughout the
animal kingdom
50.5 The physical interaction of protein filaments is
required for muscle function
50.6 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into
locomotion
Types of Sensory Receptors
Based on energy transduced, sensory receptors

fall into five categories:
1. Mechanoreceptors
2. Chemoreceptors
3. Electromagnetic receptors
4. Thermoreceptors
5. Pain receptors
Fig. 50-3 H Gentl P C H
e
Epiderm
Dermis
Hypoder
Nerv Connecti Hair Strong

ve movem pressur
Fig. 50-8b
Cochl B Audito
ear ry
Vestibu
lar
Tymp Tectorial
anic
Hair
Organ of
Basilar Axons of To
membra sensory auditory
Fig. 50-9
“ Hairs” of
hair cell
Neuro-
trans-
mitter at
synapse
Sensory
–50 –5
Receptor
m
neuron
m
M
M
m
m
–70 –7
n
b
n
b
V
a
e
V
a
e
n
o
p
n
o
p
a
e
a
e
r
r
S
n
g
)
(
t
a)
(
t
l
i
l
i
0
l
i
–70 –7
0 1 2 3 4 05 1
6 2
7 3 4
T ime (sec) T ime
ng
n other
(a)
of No
hairs
direction
bending
in one of
dire
ha
Concept 50.1
What is the correct sequence of events that would
lead to a person hearing a sound?
1. transmission
2. transduction
3. integration
4. amplification
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 4, 2, 3
C) 2, 4, 1, 3
D) 3, 1, 2, 4
E) 3, 1, 4, 2

Concept 50.2
What impact would a nonfunctioning statocyst
have on an earthworm? The earthworm would not
be able to
A) move.
B) sense light.
C) hear.
D) orient with respect to gravity.
E) respond to touch.

Concept 50.3
What portion of the brain has neurons that receive
action potentials from chemoreceptor cells in the
nose?
A) gustatory complex
B) anterior hypothalamus
C) olfactory bulb
D) occipital lobe
E) posterior pituitary

Concept 50.4
Which of the following structures is the last one
that sensory information would encounter during
visual processing?
A) ganglion cells
B) bipolar cells
C) primary visual cortex
D) optic chiasma
E) lateral geniculate nuclei

Concept 50.5
When an organism dies, its muscles remain in a
contracted state termed "rigor mortis" for a brief period
of time. Which of the following most directly contributes
to this phenomenon? There is no
A) ATP to move cross-bridges.

B) ATP to break bonds between the thick and thin filaments.
C) calcium to bind to troponin.
D) oxygen supplied to muscle.
E) glycogen remaining in the muscles.

Concept 50.6
A sustained muscle contraction due to a lack of
relaxation between successive stimuli is called
A) tonus.
B) tetanus.
C) an all-or-none response.
D) fatigue.
E) a spasm.

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Martijn Slot, 08 July 2009

Animal Form & Function

Plant Form & Function

35.1 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues,

 Which of the following is derived from the ground

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

 Plants contain meristems whose only function is to

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

 Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

 Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as

 A) dermal and ground tissue.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

According to the ABC model of floral development,

which genes would be expressed in a showy

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Leaf ψ (air spaces)

If Psi P = 0.3 MPa and Psi S = -0.45 MPa, the resulting

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

All of the following involves active transport across

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Water potential is generally most negative in which of

 A) mesophyll cells of the leaf

 Guard cells do which of the following?

 A) protect the endodermis

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Arrange the following five events in an order that

explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem.

 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes.

37.1 Soil is a living, finite resource

Liebig's law of the minimum

Mutualisms -with nitrogen fixing bacteria

All of the following contribute directly to the

a) weathering of source rock

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Which of these best describes cation exchange in

a) Cations are exchanged for anions on soil particles.

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a) Equal amounts of K+ and HCO3– will be lost into the

For this pair of items, choose the option that best

describes their relationship.

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 For this pair of items, choose the option that best

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a) It contains all three major nutrients: N, P, and K.

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d) With hydroponics, differential results can be seen

a) enzyme cofactors for occasional processes

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a) Plants secrete H+ ions that modify the soil pH.

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a) All nitrogen-fixing bacteria are symbiotic.

d) Rhizobium take a bacteroid form and activate

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38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique

Ovule Megasporocyte (2n)

Stigma Pollen grain

Ovule Polar nuclei

a) contain lots of endosperm but no embryo.

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.